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Table of Contents | |
Section | Page |
Start of eBook | 1 |
INTRODUCTORY | 1 |
CHAPTER I | 6 |
CHAPTER II | 7 |
CHAPTER III | 31 |
CHAPTER IV | 51 |
HER HISTORY: | 63 |
CHAPTER V | 66 |
CHAPTER VI | 96 |
CHAPTER VII | 127 |
CHAPTER VIII | 131 |
CHAPTER IX | 150 |
APPENDIX | 191 |
ADDENDA | 207 |
ETEXT EDITOR’S BOOKMARKS: | 208 |
O civilized humanity, world-wide, and especially to the descendants of the Pilgrims who, in 1620, laid on New England shores the foundations of that civil and religious freedom upon which has been built a refuge for the oppressed of every land, the story of the Pilgrim “Exodus” has an ever-increasing value and zest. The little we know of the inception, development, and vicissitudes of their bold scheme of colonization in the American wilderness only serves to sharpen the appetite for more.
Every detail and circumstance which relates to their preparations; to the ships which carried them; to the personnel of the Merchant Adventurers associated with them, and to that of the colonists themselves; to what befell them; to their final embarkation on their lone ship,—the immortal may-Flower; and to the voyage itself and to its issues, is vested to-day with, a supreme interest, and over them all rests a glamour peculiarly their own.
For every grain of added knowledge that can be gleaned concerning the Pilgrim sires from any field, their children are ever grateful, and whoever can add a well-attested line to their all-too-meagre annals is regarded by them, indeed by all, a benefactor.
Of those all-important factors in the chronicles of the “Exodus,”—the Pilgrim ships, of which the may-Flower alone crossed the seas,—and of the voyage itself, there is still but far too little known. Of even this little, the larger part has not hitherto been readily accessible, or in form available for ready reference to the many who eagerly seize upon every crumb of new-found data concerning these pious and intrepid Argonauts.
To such there can be no need to recite here the principal and familiar facts of the organization of the English “Separatist” congregation under John Robinson; of its emigration to Holland under persecution of the Bishops; of its residence and unique history at Leyden; of the broad outlook of its members upon the future, and their resultant determination to cross the sea to secure larger life and liberty; and of their initial labors to that end. We find these Leyden Pilgrims in the early summer of 1620, their plans fairly matured and their agreements between themselves and with their merchant associates practically concluded, urging forward their preparations for departure; impatient of the delays and disappointments which befell, and anxiously seeking shipping for their long and hazardous voyage.
It is to what concerns their ships, and especially that one which has passed into history as “the Pilgrim bark,” the may-Flower, and to her pregnant voyage, that the succeeding chapters chiefly relate. In them the effort has been made to bring together in sequential relation, from many and widely scattered sources, everything germane that diligent and faithful research could discover, or the careful study and re-analysis of known data determine. No new and relevant item of fact discovered, however trivial in itself, has failed of mention, if it might serve to correct, to better interpret, or to amplify the scanty though priceless records left us, of conditions, circumstances, and events which have meant so much to the world.
As properly antecedent to the story of the voyage of the may-Flower as told by her putative “Log,” albeit written up long after her boned lay bleaching on some unknown shore, some pertinent account has been given of the ship herself and of her “consort,” the Speedwell; of the difficulties attendant on securing them; of the preparations for the voyage; of the Merchant Adventurers who had large share in sending them to sea; of their officers and crews; of their passengers and lading; of the troubles that assailed before they had “shaken off the land,” and of the final consolidation of the passengers and lading of both ships upon the may-Flower, for the belated ocean passage. The wholly negative results of careful search render it altogether probable that the original journal or “Log” of the may-Flower (a misnomer lately applied by the British press, and unhappily continued in that of the United States, to the recovered original manuscript of Bradford’s “History of Plimoth Plantation “), if such journal ever existed, is now hopelessly lost.
So far as known, no previous effort has been made to bring together in the consecutive relation of such a journal, duly attested and in their entirety, the ascertained daily happenings of that destiny-freighted voyage. Hence, this later volume may perhaps rightly claim to present —and in part to be, though necessarily imperfect—the sole and a true “Log of the may-Flower.” No effort has been made, however, to reduce the collated data to the shape and style of the ship’s “Log” of recent times, whose matter and form are largely prescribed by maritime law. While it is not possible to give, as the original—if it existed—would have done, the results of the navigators’ observations day by day; the “Lat.” and “Long.”; the variations of the wind and of the magnetic needle; the tallies of the “lead” and “log” lines; “the daily run,” etc.—in all else the record may confidently be assumed to vary little from that presumably kept, in some form, by Captain Jones, the competent Master of the Pilgrim bark, and his mates, Masters Clarke and Coppin.
As the charter was for the “round voyage,” all the features and incidents of that voyage until complete, whether at sea or in port, properly find entry in its journal, and are therefore included in this compilation, which it is hoped may hence prove of reference value to such as take interest in Pilgrim studies. Although the least pleasant to the author, not the least valuable feature of the work to the reader—especially if student or writer of Pilgrim history—will be found, it is believed, in the numerous corrections of previously published errors which it contains, some of which are radical and of much historical importance. It is true that new facts and items of information which have been coming to light, in long neglected or newly discovered documents, etc., are correctives
Some of the new contributions (or original demonstrations), of more or less historical importance, made to the history of the Pilgrims, as the author believes, by this volume, are as follows:—
(a) A closely approximate list of the passengers who left Delfshaven on the Speedwell for Southampton; in other words, the names—those of Carver and Cushman and of the latter’s family being added—of the Leyden contingent of the may-Flower Pilgrims.
(b) A closely approximate list of the passengers who left London in the may-Flower for Southampton; in other words, the names (with the deduction of Cushman and family, of Carver, who was at Southampton, and of an unknown few who abandoned the voyage at Plymouth) of the English contingent of the may-Flower Pilgrims.
(c) The establishment as correct, beyond reasonable doubt, of the date, Sunday, June 11/21, 1620, affixed by Robert Cushman to his letter to the Leyden leaders (announcing the “turning of the tide” in Pilgrim affairs, the hiring of the “pilott” Clarke, etc.), contrary to the conclusions of Prince, Arber, and others, that the letter could not have been written on Sunday.
(d) The demonstration of the fact that on Saturday, June 10/20, 1620, Cushman’s efforts alone apparently turned the tide in Pilgrim affairs; brought Weston to renewed and decisive cooperation; secured the employment of a “pilot,” and definite action toward hiring a ship, marking it as one of the most notable and important of Pilgrim “red-letter days.”
(e) The demonstration of the fact that the ship of which Weston and Cushman took “the refusal,” on Saturday, June 10/20, 1620, was not the may-Flower, as Young, Deane, Goodwin, and other historians allege.
(f) The demonstration of the fact (overthrowing the author’s own earlier views) that the estimates and criticisms of Robinson, Carver, Brown, Goodwin, and others upon Robert Cushman were unwarranted, unjust, and cruel, and that he was, in fact, second to none in efficient service to the Pilgrims; and hence so ranks in title to grateful appreciation and memory.
(g) The demonstration of the fact that the may-Flower was not chartered later than June 19/29, 1620, and was probably chartered in the week of June 12/22—June 19/29 of that year.
(h) The addition of several new names to the list of the Merchant Adventurers, hitherto unpublished as such, with considerable new data concerning the list in general.
(i) The demonstration of the fact that Martin and Mullens, of the may-Flower colonists, were also Merchant Adventurers, while William White was probably such.
(j) The demonstration of the fact that “Master Williamson,” the much-mooted incognito of Bradford’s “Mourt’s Relation” (whose existence even has often been denied by Pilgrim writers), was none other than the “ship’s-merchant,” or “purser” of the may-Flower,—hitherto unknown as one of her officers, and historically wholly unidentified.
(k) The general description of; and many particulars concerning, the may-Flower herself; her accommodations (especially as to her cabins), her crew, etc., hitherto unknown.
(1) The demonstration of the fact that the witnesses to the nuncupative will of William Mullens were two of the may-FLOWER’S crew (one being possibly the ship’s surgeon), thus furnishing the names of two more of the ship’s company, and the only names—except those of her chief officers—ever ascertained.
(m) The indication of the strong probability that the entire company of the Merchant Adventurers signed, on the one part, the charter-party of the may-Flower.
(n) An (approximate) list of the ages of the may-FLOWER’S passengers and the respective occupations of the adults.
(o) The demonstration of the fact that no less than five of the Merchant Adventurers cast in their lots and lives with the Plymouth Pilgrims as colonists.
(p) The indication of the strong probability that Thomas Goffe, Esquire, one of the Merchant Adventurers, owned the “May-Flower” when she was chartered for the Pilgrim voyage,—as also on her voyages to New England in 1629 and 1630.
(q) The demonstration of the fact that the Master of the may-Flower was Thomas Jones, and that there was an intrigue with Master Jones to land the Pilgrims at some point north of the 41st parallel of north latitude, the other parties to which were, not the Dutch, as heretofore claimed, but none other than Sir Ferdinando Gorges and the Earl of Warwick, chiefs of the “Council for New England,” in furtherance of a successful scheme of Gorges to steal the Pilgrim colony from the London Virginia Company, for the more “northern Plantations” of the conspirators.
(r) The demonstration of the fact that a second attempt at stealing the colony—by which John Pierce, one of the Adventurers, endeavored to possess himself of the demesne and rights of the colonists, and to make them his tenants—was defeated only by the intervention of the “Council” and the Crown, the matter being finally settled by compromise and the transfer of the patent by Pierce (hitherto questioned) to the colony.
(s) The demonstration of the actual relations of the Merchant Adventurers and the Pilgrim colonists—their respective bodies being associated as but two partners in an equal copartnership, the interests of the respective partners being (probably) held upon differing bases—contrary to the commonly published and accepted view.
(t) The demonstration of the fact that the may-Flower—contrary to the popular impression—did not enter Plymouth harbor, as a “lone vessel,” slowly “feeling her way” by chart and lead-line, but was undoubtedly piloted to her anchorage—previously “sounded” for her—by the Pilgrim shallop, which doubtless accompanied her from Cape Cod harbor, on both her efforts to make this haven, under her own sails.
(u) The indication of the strong probability that Thomas English was helmsman of the may-FLOWER’S shallop (and so savior of her sovereign company, at the entrance of Plymouth harbor on the stormy night of the landing on Clarke’s Island), and that hence to him the salvation of the Pilgrim colony is probably due; and
(v) Many facts not hitherto published, or generally known, as to the antecedents, relationships, etc., of individual Pilgrims of both the Leyden and the English contingents, and of certain of the Merchant Adventurers.
For convenience’ sake, both the Old Style and the New Style dates of many events are annexed to their mention, and double-dating is followed throughout the narrative journal or “Log” of the Pilgrim ship.
As the Gregorian and other corrections of the calendar are now generally well understood, and have been so often stated in detail in print, it is thought sufficient to note here their concrete results as affecting dates occurring in Pilgrim and later literature.
From 1582 to 1700 the difference between O.S. and N.S. was ten (10) days (the leap-year being passed in 1600). From 1700 to 1800 it was eleven (11) days, because 1700 in O.S. was leap-year. From 1800 to 1900 the difference is twelve (12) days, and from 1900 to 2000 it will be thirteen (13) days. All the Dutch dates were New Style, while English dates were yet of the Old Style.
There are three editions of Bradford’s “History of Plimoth Plantation” referred to herein; each duly specified, as occasion requires. (There is, beside, a magnificent edition in photo-facsimile.) They are:—
(a) The original manuscript itself, now in possession of the State of Massachusetts, having been returned from England in 1897, called herein “orig. Ms.”
(b) The Deane Edition (so-called) of 1856, being that edited by the late Charles Deane for the Massachusetts Historical Society and published in “Massachusetts Historical Collections,” vol. iii.; called herein “Deane’s ed.”
(c) The Edition recently published by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and designated as the “Mass. ed.”
Of “Mourt’s Relation” there are several editions, but the one usually referred to herein is that edited by Rev. Henry M. Dexter, D. D., by far the best. Where reference is made to any other edition, it is indicated, and “Dexter’s ed.” is sometimes named.
AzelAmes.
Wakefield, Massachusetts,
March 1, 1901.
The Mayflower and her log
“Hail to thee, poor little ship may-Flower—of Delft Haven —poor, common-looking ship, hired by common charter-party for coined dollars,—caulked with mere oakum and tar, provisioned with vulgarest biscuit and bacon,—yet what ship Argo or miraculous epic ship, built by the sea gods, was other than a foolish bumbarge in comparison!”
ThomasCarlyle
The name—“May-Flower”
“Curiously enough,” observes Professor Arber, “these names [may-Flower and Speedwell] do not occur either in the Bradford manuscript or in ‘Mourt’s Relation.’”
[A Relation, or Journal, of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation settled at Plymouth in New England, etc. G. Mourt, London, 1622. Undoubtedly the joint product of Bradford and Winslow, and sent to George Morton at London for publication. Bradford says (op, cit. p. 120): “Many other smaler maters I omite, sundrie of them having been already published, in a Jurnall made by one of ye company,” etc. From this it would appear that Mourt’s Relation was his work, which it doubtless principally was, though Winslow performed an honorable part, as “Mourt’s” introduction and other data prove.]
He might have truthfully added that they nowhere appear in any of the letters of the “exodus” period, whether from Carver, Robinson, Cushman, or Weston; or in the later publications of Window; or in fact of any contemporaneous writer. It is not strange, therefore, that the Rev. Mr. Blaxland, the able author of the “Mayflower Essays,” should have asked for the authority for the names assigned to the two Pilgrim ships of 1620.
It seems to be the fact, as noted by Arber, that the earliest authentic evidence that the bark which bore the Pilgrims across the North Atlantic in the late autumn of 1620 was the may-Flower, is the “heading” of the “Allotment of Lands”—happily an “official” document—made at New Plymouth, New England, in March, 1623—It is not a little remarkable that, with the constantly recurring references to “the ship,”—the all-important factor in Pilgrim history,—her name should nowhere have found mention in the earliest Pilgrim literature. Bradford uses the terms, the “biger ship,” or the “larger ship,” and Winslow, Cushman, Captain John Smith, and others mention simply the “vessel,” or the “ship,” when speaking of the may-Flower, but in no case give her a name.
It is somewhat startling to find so thorough-paced an Englishman as Thomas Carlyle calling her the may-Flower “of Delft-Haven,” as in the quotation from him on a preceding page. That he knew better cannot be doubted, and it must be accounted one of those ‘lapsus calami’ readily forgiven to genius,—proverbially indifferent to detail.
Sir Ferdinando Gorges makes the curious misstatement that the Pilgrims had three ships, and says of them: “Of the three ships (such as their weak fortunes were able to provide), whereof two proved unserviceable and so were left behind, the third with great difficulty reached the coast of New England,” etc.
THE MAY-FLOWER’S CONSORT THE SPEEDWELL
The Speedwell was the first vessel procured by the Leyden Pilgrims for the emigration, and was bought by themselves; as she was the ship of their historic embarkation at Delfshaven, and that which carried the originators of the enterprise to Southampton, to join the may-Flower, —whose consort she was to be; and as she became a determining factor in the latter’s belated departure for New England, she may justly claim mention here as indeed an inseparable “part and parcel” of the may-FLOWER’S voyage.
The name of this vessel of associate historic renown with the may-Flower was even longer in finding record in the early literature of the Pilgrim hegira than that of the larger It first appeared, so far as discovered, in 1669—nearly fifty years after her memorable service to the Pilgrims on the fifth page of Nathaniel Morton’s “New England’s Memorial.”
Davis, in his “Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth,” makes a singular error for so competent a writer, when he says: “The agents of the company in England had hired the Speedwell, of sixty tons, and sent her to Delfthaven, to convey the colonists to Southampton.” In this, however, he but follows Mather and the “Modern Universal History,” though both are notably unreliable; but he lacks their excuse, for they were without his access to Bradford’s “Historie.” That the consort-pinnace was neither “hired” nor “sent to Delfthaven” duly appears.
Bradford states the fact,—that “a smale ship (of some 60 tune), was bought and fitted in Holand, which was intended to serve to help to transport them, so to stay in ye countrie and atend ye fishing and such other affairs as might be for ye good and benefite of ye colonie when they come ther.” The statements of Bradford and others indicate that she was bought and refitted with moneys raised in Holland, but it is not easy to understand the transaction, in view of the understood terms of the business compact between the Adventurers and the Planters, as hereinafter outlined. The Merchant Adventurers—who were organized (but not incorporated) chiefly through the activity of Thomas Weston, a merchant of London, to “finance” the Pilgrim undertaking—were bound, as part of their engagement, to provide the necessary shipping,’ etc., for the voyage. The “joint-stock or partnership,” as it was called in the agreement of the Adventurers and Planters, was an equal partnership between but two parties, the Adventurers, as a body, being one of the co-partners; the Planter colonists,
[Bradford’s Historie, Deane’s ed.; Arber, op. cit. p. 305. The fact that Lyford (Bradford, Historie, Mass. ed. p. 217) recommended that every “particular” (i.e. non-partnership colonist) sent out by the Adventurers—and they had come to be mostly of that class—“should come over as an Adventurer, even if only a ser vant,” and the fact that he recognized that some one would have to pay in L10 to make each one an Adventurer, would seem to indicate that any one was eligible and that either L10 was the price of the Merchant Adventurer’s share, or that this was the smallest subscription which would admit to membership. Such “particular,” even although an Adventurer, had no partnership share in the Planters’ half-interest; had no voice in the government, and no claim for maintenance. He was, however, amenable to the government, subject to military duty and to tax. The advantage of being an Adventurer without a voice in colony affairs would be purely a moral one.]
that every person joining the enterprise, whether man, woman, youth, maid, or servant, if sixteen years old, should count as a share; that a share should be reckoned at L10, and hence that L10 worth of money or provisions should also count as a share. Every man, therefore, would be entitled to one share for each person (if sixteen years of age) he contributed, and for each L10 of money or provisions he added thereto, another share. Two children between ten and sixteen would count as one and be allowed a share in the division, but children under ten were to have only fifty acres of wild land. The scheme was admirable for its equity, simplicity, and elasticity, and was equally so for either capitalist or colonist.
Goodwin notes, that, “in an edition of Cushman’s ‘Discourse,’ Judge Davis of Boston advanced the idea that at first the Pilgrims put all their possessions into a common stock, and until 1623 had no individual property. In his edition of Morton’s ‘Memorial’ he honorably admits his error.” The same mistake was made by Robertson and Chief Justice Marshall, and is occasionally repeated in this day. “There was no community of goods, though there was labor in common, with public supplies of food and clothing.” Neither is there warrant for the conclusion of Goodwin, that because the holdings of the Planters’ half interest in the undertaking were divided into L10 shares, those of the Adventurers were also. It is not impossible, but it does not necessarily follow, and certain known facts indicate the contrary.
Rev. Edward Everett Hale, in “The Pilgrims’ Life in Common,” says: “Carver, Winslow, Bradford, Brewster, Standish, Fuller, and Allerton. were the persons of largest means in the Leyden group of the emigrants. It seems as if their quota of subscription to the common stock were paid in ‘provisions’ for the voyage and the colony, and that by ‘provisions’ is meant such articles of food as could be best bought in Holland.” The good Doctor is clearly in error, in the above. Allerton was probably as “well off” as any of the Leyden contingent, while Francis Cooke and Degory Priest were probably “better off” than either Brewster or Standish, who apparently had little of this world’s goods. Neither is there any evidence that any considerable amount of “provision” was bought in Holland. Quite a large sum of money, which came, apparently, from the pockets of the Leyden Adventurers (Pickering, Greene, etc.), and some of the Pilgrims, was requisite to pay for the Speedwell and her refitting, etc.; but how much came from either is conjectural at best. But aside from “Hollands cheese,” “strong-waters” (schnapps), some few things that Cushman names; and probably a few others, obtained in Holland, most of the “provisioning,” as repeatedly appears, was done at the English Southampton. In fact, after clothing and generally “outfitting” themselves, it is pretty certain that but few of the Leyden party had much left. There was evidently an understanding between the partners that there should be four principal agents charged with the preparations for, and carrying out of, the enterprise,—Thomas Weston and Christopher Martin representing the Adventurers and the colonists who were recruited in England (Martin being made treasurer), while Carver and Cushman acted for the Leyden company. John Pierce seems to have been the especial representative of the Adventurers in the matter of the obtaining of the Patent from the (London) Virginia Company, and later from the Council for New England. Bradford says: “For besides these two formerly mentioned, sent from Leyden, viz., Master Carver and Robert Cushman, there
It is evident, however, from John Robinson’s letter of June 14, 1620, to John Carver, that Weston ridiculed the transaction, probably on selfish grounds, but, as events proved, not without some justification.
Robinson says: “Master Weston makes himself merry with our endeavors about buying a ship,” [the Speedwell] “but we have done nothing in this but with good reason, as I am persuaded.” Although bought with funds raised in Holland,
[Arber (The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, p. 341) arrives at the conclusion that “The Speedwell had been bought with Leyden money. The proceeds of her sale, after her return to London, would, of course, go to the credit of the common joint-Stock there.” This inference seems warranted by Robinson’s letter of June 16/26 to Carver, in which he clearly indicates that the Leyden brethren collected the “Adventurers” subscriptions of Pickering and his partner (Greene), which were evidently considerable.]
it was evidently upon “joint-account,” and she was doubtless so sold, as alleged, on her arrival in September, at London, having proved unseaworthy. In fact, the only view of this transaction that harmonizes with the known facts and the respective rights and relations of the parties is, that permission was obtained (perhaps through Edward Pickering, one of the Adventurers, a merchant of Leyden, and others) that the Leyden leaders should buy and refit the consort, and in so doing might expend the funds which certain of the Leyden Pilgrims were to pay into the enterprise, which it appears they did,—and for which they would receive, as shown, extra shares in the Planters’ half-interest. It was very possibly further permitted by the Adventurers, that Mr. Pickering’s and his partners’ subscriptions to their capital stock should be applied to the purchase of the Speedwell, as they were collected by the Leyden leaders, as Pastor Robinson’s letter of June 14/24 to John Carver, previously noted, clearly shows.
She was obviously bought some little time before May 31, 1620,—probably in the early part of the month,—from the fact that in their letter of May 31st to Carver and Cushman, then in London, Messrs. Fuller, Winslow, Bradford, and Allerton state that “we received divers letters at the coming of Master Nash and our Pilott,” etc. From this it is clear that time enough had elapsed, since their purchase of the pinnace, for their messenger (Master Nash) to go to London,—evidently with a request to Carver and Cushman that they would send over a competent “pilott” to refit her, and for Nash to return with him, while the letter announcing their arrival does not seem to have been immediately written.
The writers of the above-mentioned letter use the words “we received,” —using the past tense, as if some days before, instead of “we have your letters,” or “we have just received your letters,” which would rather indicate present, or recent, time. Probably some days elapsed after the “pilott’s” arrival, before this letter of acknowledgment was sent. It is hence fair to assume that the pinnace was bought early in May, and that no time was lost by the Leyden party in preparing for the exodus, after their negotiations with the Dutch were “broken off” and they had “struck hands” with Weston, sometime between February 2/12, 1619/20, and April 1/11, 1620,—probably in March.
The consort was a pinnace—as vessels of her class were then and for many years called—of sixty tons burden, as already stated, having two masts, which were put in—as we are informed by Bradford, and are not allowed by Professor Arber to forget—as apart of her refitting in Holland. That she was “square-rigged,” and generally of the then prevalent style of vessels of her size and class, is altogether probable. The name pinnace was applied to vessels having a wide range in tonnage, etc., from a craft of hardly more than ten or fifteen tons to one of sixty or eighty. It was a term of pretty loose and indefinite adaptation and covered most of the smaller craft above a shallop or ketch, from such as could be propelled by oars, and were so fitted, to a small ship of the SPEEDWELL’S class, carrying an armament.
None of the many representations of the Speedwell which appear in historical pictures are authentic, though some doubtless give correct ideas of her type. Weir’s painting of the “Embarkation of the Pilgrims,” in the Capitol at Washington (and Parker’s copy of the same in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth); Lucy’s painting of the “Departure of the Pilgrims,” in Pilgrim Hall; Copes great painting in the corridor of the British Houses of Parliament, and others of lesser note, all depict the vessel on much the same lines, but nothing can be claimed for any of them, except fidelity to a type of vessel of that day and class. Perhaps the best illustration now known of a craft of this type is given in the painting by the Cuyps, father and
We have seen that Bradford notes the purchase and refitting of this “smale ship of 60 tune” in Holland. The story of her several sailings, her “leakiness,” her final return, and her abandonment as unseaworthy, is familiar. We find, too, that Bradford also states in his “Historie,” that “the leakiness of this ship was partly by her being overmasted and too much pressed with sails.” It will, however, amaze the readers of Professor Arber’s generally excellent “Story of the Pilgrim Fathers,” so often referred to herein, to find him sharply arraigning “those members of the Leyden church who were responsible for the fitting of the Speedwell,” alleging that “they were the proximate causes of most of the troubles on the voyage [of the may-Flower] out; and of many of the deaths at Plymouth in New England in the course of the following Spring; for they overmasted the vessel, and by so doing strained her hull while sailing.” To this straining, Arber wholly ascribes the “leakiness” of the Speedwell and the delay in the final departure of the Mayflower, to which last he attributes the disastrous results he specifies. It would seem that the historian, unduly elated at what he thought the discovery of another “turning-point of modern history,” endeavors to establish it by such assertions and such partial references to Bradford as would support the imaginary “find.” Briefly stated, this alleged discovery, which he so zealously announces, is that if the Speedwell had not been overmasted, both she and the may-Flower would have arrived early in the fall at the mouth of the Hudson River, and the whole course of New England history would have been entirely different. Ergo, the “overmasting” of the Speedwell was a “pivotal point in modern history.” With the idea apparently of giving eclat to this announcement and of attracting attention to it, he surprisingly charges the responsibility for the “overmasting” and its alleged dire results upon the leaders of the Leyden church, “who were,” he repeatedly asserts, “alone responsible.”
Cushman also shows, by his letter,—written after the ships had put back into Dartmouth,—a part of which Professor Arber uses, but the most important part suppresses, that what he evidently considers the principal leak was caused by a very “loose board” (plank), which was clearly not the result of the straining due to “crowding sail,” or of “overmasting.” (See Appendix.)
Moreover, as the Leyden chiefs were careful to employ a presumably competent man ("pilott,” afterwards “Master” Reynolds) to take charge of refitting the consort, they were hence clearly, both legally and morally, exempt from responsibility as to any alterations made. Even though the “overmasting” had been the sole cause of the SPEEDWELL’S leakiness, and the delays and vicissitudes which resulted to the may-Flower and her company, the leaders of the Leyden church—whom Professor Arber arraigns —(themselves chiefly the sufferers) were in no wise at fault! It is clear, however, that the “overmasting” cut but small figure in the case; “confessed” rascality in making a leak otherwise, being the chief trouble, and this, as well as the “overmasting,” lay at the door of Master Reynolds.
Even if the may-Flower had not been delayed by the SPEEDWELL’S condition, and both had sailed for “Hudson’s River” in midsummer, it is by no means certain that they would have reached there, as Arber so confidently asserts. The treachery of Captain Jones, in league with Gorges, would as readily have landed them, by some pretext, on Cape Cod in October, as in December. But even though they had landed at the mouth of the Hudson, there is no good reason why the Pilgrim influence should not have worked north and east, as well as it did west and south, and with the Massachusetts Bay Puritans there, Roger Williams in Rhode Island, and the younger Winthrop in Connecticut, would doubtless have made New England history very much what it has been, and not, as Professor Arber asserts, “entirely different.”
The cruel indictment fails, and the imaginary “turning point in modern history,” to announce which Professor Arber seems to have sacrificed so much, falls with it.
The Rev. Dr. Griffis ("The Pilgrims in their Three Homes,” p. 158) seems to give ear to Professor Arber’s untenable allegations as to the Pilgrim leaders’ responsibility for any error made in the “overmasting” of the Speedwell, although he destroys his case by saying of the “overmasting:” “Whether it was done in England or Holland is not certain.” He says, unhappily chiming
Having bought a vessel, it was necessary to fit her for the severe service in which she was to be employed; to provision her for the voyage, etc.; and this could be done properly only by experienced hands. The Pilgrim leaders at Leyden seem, therefore, as noted, to have sent to their agents at London for a competent man to take charge of this work, and were sent a “pilott” (or “mate"), doubtless presumed to be equal to the task. Goodwin mistakenly says: “As Spring waned, Thomas Nash went from Leyden to confer with the agents at London. He soon returned with a pilot (doubtless [sic] Robert Coppin), who was to conduct the Continental party to England.” This is both wild and remarkable “guessing” for the usually careful compiler of the “Pilgrim Republic.” There is no warrant whatever for this assumption, and everything
The side lights upon the matter show, beyond doubt:—
(a) That a “pilott” had been sent to Holland, with Master Nash, before May 31, 1620;
(b) That unless two had been sent (of which there is no suggestion, and which is entirely improbable, for obvious reasons), Master Reynolds was the “pilott” who was thus sent;
(c) That it is clear, from Cushman’s letter of June 11/21, that Reynolds was then in Holland, for Cushman directs that “Master Reynolds tarrie there and bring the ship to Southampton;”
(d) That Master Reynolds was not originally intended to “tarrie there,” and “bring the ship,” etc., as, if he had been, there would have been no need of giving such an order; and
(e) That he had been sent there for some other purpose than to bring the Speedwell to Southampton. Duly considering all the facts together, there can be no doubt that only one “pilott” was sent from England; that he was expected to return when the work was done for which he went (apparently the refitting of the Speedwell); that he was ordered to remain for a new duty, and that the man who performed that duty and brought the ship to Southampton (who, we know was Master Reynolds) must have been the “pilott”, sent over.
We are told too, by Bradford,
[Bradford’s Historie, as already cited; Arber, The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, p. 341. John Brown, in his Pilgrim Fathers of New England, p. 198, says: “She [the Speedwell] was to remain with the colony for a year.” Evidently a mistake, arising from the length of time for which her crew were shipped. The pinnace herself was intended, as we have seen, for the permanent use of they colonists, and was to remain indefinitely.]
that the crew of the Speedwell “were hired for a year,” and we know, in a general way, that most of them went with her to London when she abandoned the voyage. This there is ample evidence Coppin did not do, going as he did to New England as “second mate” or “pilott” of the may-Flower, which there is no reason to doubt he was when she left London. Neither is there anywhere any suggestion that there was at Southampton any change in the second mate of the larger ship, as there must have been to make good the suggestion of Dr. Dexter.
Where the Speedwell lay while being “refitted” has not been ascertained, though presumably at Delfshaven, whence she sailed, though possibly at one of the neighboring larger ports, where her new masts and cordage could be “set up” to best advantage.
We know that Reynolds—“pilott” and “Master” went from London to superintend the “making-ready” for sea. Nothing is known, however, of his antecedents, and nothing of his history after he left the service of the Pilgrims in disgrace, except that he appears to have come again to New England some years later, in command of a vessel, in the service of the reckless adventurer Weston (a traitor to the Pilgrims), through whom, it is probable, he was originally selected for their service in Holland. Bradford and others entitled to judge have given their opinions of this cowardly scoundrel (Reynolds) in unmistakable terms.
What other officers and crew the pinnace had does not appear, and we know nothing certainly of them, except the time for which they shipped; that some of them were fellow-conspirators with the Master (self-confessed), in the “strategem” to compel the SPEEDWELL’S abandonment of the voyage; and that a few were transferred to the Mayflower. From the fact that the sailors Trevore and Ely returned from New Plymouth on the Fortune in 1621, “their time having expired,” as Bradford notes, it may be fairly assumed that they were originally of the SPEEDWELL’S crew.
That the fears of the SPEEDWELL’S men had been worked upon, and their cooperation thus secured by the artful Reynolds, is clearly indicated by the statement of Bradford: “For they apprehended that the greater ship being of force and in which most of the provisions were stored, she would retain enough for herself, whatever became of them or the passengers, and indeed such speeches had been cast out by some of them.”
Of the list of passengers who embarked at Delfshaven, July 22, 1620, “bound for Southampton on the English coast, and thence for the northern parts of Virginia,” we fortunately have a pretty accurate knowledge. All of the Leyden congregation who were to emigrate, with the exception of Robert Cushman and family, and (probably) John Carver, were doubtless passengers upon the Speedwell from Delfshaven to Southampton, though the presence of Elder Brewster has been questioned. The evidence that he was there is well-nigh as conclusive as that Robert Cushman sailed on the may-Flower from London, and that Carver, who had been for some months in England,—chiefly at Southampton, making preparations for the voyage, was there to meet the ships on their arrival. It is possible, of course, that Cushman’s wife and son came on the Speedwell from Delfshaven; but is not probable. Among the passengers, however, were some who, like Thomas Blossom and his son, William Ring, and others, abandoned the voyage to America at Plymouth, and returned in the pinnace to London and thence went back to Holland. Deducting from the passenger list of the Mayflower those known to have been of the English contingent, with Robert Cushman and family, and John Carver, we have a very close approximate to the SPEEDWELL’S company on her “departure from Delfshaven.” It has not been found possible to determine with absolute certainty the correct relation of a few persons. They may have been of the Leyden contingent and so have come with their brethren on the Speedwell, or they may have been of the English colonists, and first embarked either at London or at Southampton, or even at Plymouth,—though none are supposed to have joined the emigrants there or at Dartmouth.
The list of those embarking at Delfshaven on the Speedwell, and so of the participants in that historic event,—a list now published for the first time, so far as known,—is undoubtedly accurate, within the limitations stated, as follows, being for convenience’ sake arranged by families:
The Family of Deacon John Carver (probably in charge
of John Howland),
embracing:—
Mrs. Katherine Carver,
John Howland (perhaps
kinsman of Carver), “servant” or “employee,”
Desire Minter, or Minther
(probably companion of Mrs. Carver,
perhaps kinswoman),
Roger Wilder, “servant,”
“Mrs. Carver’s
maid” (whose name has never transpired).
Master William Bradford and
Mrs. Dorothy (May) Bradford.
Master Edward Winslow and
Mrs. Elizabeth (Barker)
Winslow,
George Soule a “servant”
(or employee),
Elias Story, “servant.”
Elder William Brewster and
Mrs. Mary Brewster,
Love Brewster, a son,
Wrestling Brewster,
a son.
Master Isaac Allerton and
Mrs. Mary (Morris) Allerton,
Bartholomew Allerton,
a son,
Remember Allerton, a
daughter,
Mary Allerton, a daughter,
John Hooke, “servant-boy.”
Dr. Samuel Fuller and
William Butten, “servant"-assistant.
Captain Myles Standish and
Mrs. Rose Standish.
Master William White and
Mrs. Susanna (Fuller)
White,
Resolved White, a son,
William Holbeck, “servant,”
Edward Thompson, “servant.”
Deacon Thomas Blossom and ----- Blossom, a son.
Master Edward Tilley and
Mrs. Ann Tilley.
Master John Tilley and
Mrs. Bridget (Van der
Velde?) Tilley (2d wife),
Elizabeth Tilley, a
daughter of Mr. Tilley by a former wife(?)
John Crackstone and
John Crackstone (Jr.),
a son.
Francis Cooke and
John Cooke, a son.
John Turner and
——
Turner, a son,
——
Turner, a son.
Degory Priest.
Thomas Rogers and
Joseph Rogers, a son.
Moses Fletcher.
Thomas Williams.
Thomas Tinker and
Mrs. ——
Tinker,
——
Tinker, a son.
Edward Fuller and
Mrs. ——
Fuller,
Samuel Fuller, a son.
John Rigdale and
Mrs. Alice Rigdale.
Francis Eaton and
Mrs. ——
Eaton,
Samuel Eaton, an infant
son.
Peter Browne.
William Ring.
Richard Clarke.
John Goodman.
Edward Margeson.
Richard Britteridge.
Mrs. Katherine Carver and her family, it is altogether
probable, came
over in charge of Howland,
who was probably a kinsman, both he and
Deacon Carver coming
from Essex in England,—as they could hardly
have been in England
with Carver during the time of his exacting
work of preparation.
He, it is quite certain, was not a passenger
on the Speedwell, for
Pastor Robinson would hardly have sent him
such a letter as that
received by him at Southampton, previously
mentioned (Bradford’s
“Historie,” Deane’s ed. p. 63), if
he had been
with him at Delfshaven
at the “departure,” a few days before.
Nor
if he had handed it
to him at Delfshaven, would he have told him in
it, “I have written
a large letter to the whole company.”
John Howland was clearly a “secretary”
or “steward,” rather than a
“servant,”
and a man of standing and influence from the outset.
That he was in Leyden
and hence a Speedwell passenger appears
altogether probable,
but is not absolutely certain.
Desire Minter (or Minther) was undoubtedly the daughter
of Sarah, who,
the “Troth Book”
(or “marriage-in-tention” records) for
1616, at the
Stadtbuis of Leyden,
shows, was probably wife or widow of one
William Minther—evidently
of Pastor Robinson’s congregation—when
she appeared on May
13 as a “voucher” for Elizabeth Claes,
who then
pledged herself to Heraut
Wilson, a pump-maker, John Carver being
“Mrs. Carver’s maid” we know but
little about, but the presumption is
naturally strong that
she came from; Leyden with her mistress. Her
early marriage and;
death are duly recorded.
Roger Wilder, Carver’s “servant;”
was apparently in his service at Leyden
and accompanied the
family from thence. Bradford calls him “his
[Carver’s] man
Roger,” as if an old, familiar household servant,
which (as Wilder died
soon after the arrival at Plymouth) Bradford
would not have been
as likely to do—writing in 1650, thirty
years
after—if
he had been only a short-time English addition to Carver’s
household, known to
Bradford only during the voyage. The fact that
he speaks of him as
a “man” also indicates something as to
his age,
and renders it certain
that he was not an “indentured” lad.
It is
fair to presume he was
a passenger on the Speedwell to Southampton.
(It is probable that
Carver’s “servant-boy,” William Latham,
and
Jasper More, his “bound-boy,”
were obtained in England, as more
fully appears.)
Master William Bradford and his wife were certainly
of the party in the
Speedwell, as shown
by his own recorded account of the embarkation.
(Bradford’s “Historie,”
etc.)
Master Edward Winslow’s very full (published)
account of the embarkation
("Hypocrisie Unmasked,”
pp. 10-13, etc.) makes it certain that
himself and family were
Speedwell passengers.
George Soule, who seems to have been a sort of “upper
servant” or
“steward,”
it is not certain was with Winslow in Holland, though
it
is probable.
Elias Story, his “under-servant,” was
probably also with him in Holland,
though not surely so.
Both servants might possibly have been
procured from London
or at Southampton, but probably sailed from
Delfshaven with Winslow
in the Speedwell.
Elder William Brewster and his family, his wife and
two boys, were
passengers on the Speedwell,
beyond reasonable doubt. He was, in
fact, the ranking man
of the Leyden brethren till they reached
Southampton and the
respective ships’ “governors” were
chosen. The
Church to that point
was dominant. (The Elder’s two “bound-boys,”
being from London, do
not appear as Speedwell passengers.) There is,
on careful study, no
warrant to be found for the remarkable
statements of Goodwin
("Pilgrim Republic,” p. 33), that, during the
hunt for Brewster in
Holland in 1619, by the emissaries of James I.
of England (in the endeavor
to apprehend and punish him for printing
and publishing certain
religious works alleged to be seditious),
“William Brewster
was in London . . . and there he remained until
the sailing of the Mayflower,
which he helped to fit out;” and that
during that time “he
visited Scrooby.” That he had no hand whatever
in fitting out the Mayflower
is certain, and the Scrooby statement
equally lacks foundation.
Professor Arber, who is certainly a
better authority upon
the “hidden press” of the Separatists in
Holland, and the official
correspondence relating to its proprietors
and their movements,
says ("The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers,”
p.196): “The
Ruling Elder of the Pilgrim Church was, for more than
a
year before he left
Delfshaven on the Speedwell, on the 22 July-
1 August, 1620, a hunted
man.” Again (p. 334), he says: “Here
let
us consider the excellent
management and strategy of this Exodus.
If the Pilgrims had
gone to London to embark for America, many, if
not most of them, would
have been put in prison [and this is the
opinion of a British
historian, knowing the temper of those times,
especially William Brewster.]
So only those embarked in London
against whom the Bishops
could take no action.” We can understand,
in light, why Carver—a
more objectionable person than Cushman to
the prelates, because
of his office in the Separatist Church—was
chiefly employed out
of their sight, at Southampton, etc., while the
diplomatic and urbane
Cushman did effective work at London, under
the Bishops’ eyes.
It is not improbable that the personal
friendship of Sir Robert
Under date of July 22, 1619, Carleton says: “One William Brewster, a Brownist, who has been for some years an inhabitant and printer at Leyden, but is now within these three weeks removed from thence and gone back to dwell in London,” etc.
On August 16, 1619 (N.S.), he writes: “I am told William Brewster is come again for Leyden,” but on the 30th adds: “I have made good enquiry after William Brewster and am well assured he is not returned thither, neither is it likely he will; having removed from thence both his family and goods,” etc.
On September 7, 1619 (N.S.), he writes: “Touching Brewster, I am now informed that he is on this side the seas [not in London, as before alleged]; and that he was seen yesterday, at Leyden, but, as yet, is not there settled,” etc.
On September 13, 1619 (N.S.), he says: “I have used all diligence to enquire after Brewster; and find he keeps most at Amsterdam; but being ‘incerti laris’, he is not yet to be lighted upon. I understand he prepares to settle himself at a village called Leerdorp, not far from Leyden, thinking there to be able to print prohibited books without discovery, but I shall lay wait for him, both there and in other places, so as I doubt but either he must leave this country; or I shall, sooner or later, find him out.”
On September 20, 1619 (N.S.), he says: “I have at length found out Brewster at Leyden,” etc. It was a mistake, and Brewster’s partner (Thomas Brewer), one of the Merchant Adventurers, was arrested instead.
On September 28, 1619
(N.S.), he states, writing from Amsterdam:
“If he lurk here
for fear of apprehension, it will be hard to find
him,” etc.
As late as February 8, 1619/20, there was still a desire and hope for his arrest, but by June the matter had become to the King—and all others—something of an old story. While, as appears by a letter of Robert Cushman, written in London, in May, 1619, Brewster was then undoubtedly there, one cannot agree, in the light of the official correspondence just quoted, with the conclusion of Dr. Alexander Young ("Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers,” vol. i. p. 462),Page 22
that “it is probable he [Brewster] did not return to Leyden, but kept close till the Mayflower sailed.”
Everything indicates that he was at Leyden long after this; that he did not again return to London, as supposed; and that he was in hiding with his family (after their escape from the pursuit at Leyden), somewhere among friends in the Low Countries. Although by July, 1620, the King had, as usual, considerably “cooled off,” we may be sure that with full knowledge of the harsh treatment meted out to his partner (Brewer) when caught, though unusually mild (by agreement with the authorities of the University and Province of Holland), Brewster did not deliberately put himself “under the lion’s paw” at London, or take any chances of arrest there, even in disguise. Dr. Griffis has lent his assent ("The Pilgrims in their Homes,” p, 167), though probably without careful analysis of all the facts, to the untenable opinion expressed by Goodwin, that Brewster was “hiding in England” when the Speedwell sailed from Delfshaven. There can be no doubt that, with his ever ready welcome of sound amendment, he will, on examination, revise his opinion, as would the clear-sighted Goodwin, if living and cognizant of the facts as marshalled against his evident error. As the leader and guide of the outgoing part of the Leyden church we may, with good warrant, believe—as all would wish—that Elder Brewster was the chief figure the departing Pilgrims gathered on the Speedwell deck, as she took her departure from Delfshaven.
Master Isaac Allerton and his family, his wife and
three children, two
sons and a daughter,
were of the Leyden company and passengers in
the Speedwell.
We know he was active there as a leader, and was
undoubtedly one of those
who bought the Speedwell. He was one of
the signers of the joint-letter
from Leyden, to Carver and Cushman,
May 31 (O.S.) 1620.
John Hooke, Allerton’s “servant-lad,”
may have been detained at London or
Southampton, but it
is hardly probable, as Allerton was a man of
means, consulted his
comfort, and would have hardly started so large
a family on such a journey
without a servant.
Dr. Samuel Fuller was, as is well known, one of the
Leyden chiefs,
connected by blood and
marriage with many of the leading families of
Robinson’s congregation.
He was active in the preparations for the
voyage the first signer
of the joint-letter of May 31, and doubtless
one of the negotiators
for the Speedwell. His wife and child were
left behind, to follow
later as they did.
William Butten, the first of the Pilgrim party to
die, was, in all
probability, a student-"servant”
of Doctor Fuller at Leyden, and
doubtless embarked with
him at Delfshaven. Bradford calls him
(writing of his death)
“Wm. Butten, a youth, servant to Samuel
Fuller.”
Captain Myles Standish and his wife Rose, we know
from
Bradford, were with
the Pilgrims in Leyden and doubtless shipped
with them. Arber
calls him ("The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers,”
p. 378) a “chief
of the Pilgrim Fathers” in the sense of a father
and leader in their
Israel; but there is no warrant for this
assumption, though he
became their “sword-hand” in the New World.
By some writers, though
apparently with insufficient warrant,
Standish has been declared
a Roman Catholic. It does not appear
that he was ever a communicant
of the Pilgrim Church. His family,
moreover, was not of
the Roman Catholic faith, and all his conduct
in the colony is inconsistent
with the idea that he was of that
belief. Master
William White, his wife and son, were of the Leyden
congregation, both husband
and wife being among its principal
people, and nearly related
to several of the Pilgrim band. The
marriage of Mr. and
Mrs. White is duly recorded in Leyden. William
Holbeck and Edward Thompson,
Master White’s two servants, he
probably took with him
from Leyden, as his was a family of means and
position, though they
might possibly have been procured at
Southampton. They
were apparently passengers in the Speedwell.
Deacon Thomas Blossom
and his son were well known as of Pastor
Robinson’s flock
at Leyden. They returned, moreover, to Holland
from Plymouth, England
(where they gave up the voyage), via London.
The father went to New
Plymouth ten years later, the son dying
before that time. (See
Blossom’s letter to Governor Bradford.
Bradford’s Letter
Book, “Plymouth Church Records,” i. 42.)
In his
letter dated at Leyden,
December 15, 1625, he says: “God hath taken
away my son that was
with me in the ship Mayflower when I went back
again.”
Edward Tilley (sometimes given the prefix of Master)
his wife Ann are
known to have been of
the Leyden company. (Bradford’s “Historie,”
p. 83.) It is doubtful
if their “cousins,” Henry Sampson and
Humility Cooper, were
of Leyden. They apparently were English
kinsfolk, taken to New
England with the Tilleys, very likely joined
them at Southampton
and hence were not of the SPEEDWELL’S
passengers. Humility
Cooper returned to England after the death of
Tilley and his wife.
That Mrs. Tilley’s “given name”
was Ann is not
positively established,
but rests on Bradford’s evidence.
John Tilley (who is also sometimes called Master)
is reputed a brother of
Edward, and is known
to have been—as also his wife—of
the Leyden
church (Bradford, Deane’s
ed. p. 83.) His second wife Bridget Van
der Velde, was evidently
of Holland blood, and their marriage is
recorded in Leyden.
Elizabeth Tilley was clearly a daughter by an
earlier wife.
He is said by Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic,” p.
32) to
have been a “silk
worker” Leyden, but earlier authority for this
occupation is not found.
John Crackstone is of record as of the Leyden congregation.
His daughter
remained there, and
came later to America.
John Crackstone, Jr., son of above. Both were Speedwell passengers.
Francis Cooke has been supposed a very early member
of Robinson’s flock
in England, who escaped
with them to Holland, in 1608. He and his
son perhaps embarked
at Delfshaven, leaving his wife and three other
children to follow later.
(See Robinson’s letter to Governor
Bradford, “Mass.
Hist. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 45, also Appendix
for
account of Cooke’s
marriage.)
John Cooke, the son, was supposed to have lived to
be the last male
survivor of the may-Flower,
but Richard More proves to have survived
him. He was a prominent
man in the colony, like his father, and the
founder of Dartmouth
(Mass.).
John Turner and his sons are also known to have been
of the Leyden party,
as he was undoubtedly
the messenger sent to London with the letter
(of May 31) of the leaders
to Carver and Cushman, arriving there
June 10, 1620.
They were beyond doubt of the SPEEDWELL’S list.
Degory Priest—or “Digerie,”
as Bradford calls him—was a prominent
member of the Leyden
body. His marriage is recorded there, and he
left his family in the
care of his pastor and friends, to follow him
later. He died
early.
Thomas Rogers and his son are reputed of the Leyden
company. He left
(according to Bradford)
some of his family there—as did Cooke and
Priest—to
follow later. It has been suggested that Rogers
might
have been of the Essex
(England) lineage, but no evidence of this
appears. The Rogers
family of Essex were distinctively Puritans,
both in England and
in the Massachusetts colony.
Moses Fletcher was a “smith” at Leyden,
and of Robinson’s church. He was
married there, in 1613,
to his second wife. He was perhaps of the
English Amsterdam family
of Separatists, of that name. As the only
blacksmith of the colonists,
his early death was a great loss.
Thomas Williams, there seems no good reason to doubt,
was the Thomas
Williams known to have
been of Leyden congregation. Hon. H. C.
Murphy and Arber include
him—apparently through oversight alone
—in the list
of those of Leyden who did not go, unless there were
two of the name, one
of whom remained in Holland.
Thomas Tinker, wife, and son are not certainly known
to have been of the
Leyden company, or to
have embarked at Delfshaven, but their
constant association
in close relation with others who were and who
so embarked warrants
the inference that they were of the SPEEDWELL’S
passengers. It
is, however, remotely possible, that they were of
the English contingent.
Edward Fuller and his wife and little son were of
the Leyden company, and
on the Speedwell.
He is reputed to have been a brother of Dr.
Fuller, and is occasionally
so claimed by early writers, but by what
warrant is not clear.
John Rigdale and his wife have always been placed
by tradition and
association with the
Leyden emigrants but there is a possibility
that they were of the
English party. Probability assigns them to
the Speedwell,
and they are needed to make her accredited number.
Francis Eaton, wife, and babe were doubtless of the
Leyden list. He is
said to have been a
carpenter there (Goodwin, “Pilgrim Republic,”
p.
32), and was married
there, as the record attests.
Peter Browne has always been classed with the Leyden
party. There is no
established authority
for this except tradition, and he might
possibly have been of
the English emigrants, though probably a
Speedwell passenger;
he is needed to make good her putative number.
William Ring is in the same category as are Eaton
and Browne. Cushman
speaks of him, in his
Dartmouth letter to Edward Southworth (of
August 17), in terms
of intimacy, though this, while suggestive, of
course proves nothing,
and he gave up the voyage and returned from
Plymouth to London with
Cushman. He was certainly from Leyden.
Richard Clarke is on the doubtful list, as are also
John Goodman, Edward
Margeson, and Richard
Britteridge. They have always been
traditionally classed
with the Leyden colonists, yet some of them
were possibly among
the English emigrants. They are all needed,
however, to make up
the number usually assigned to Leyden, as are
all the above “doubtfuls,”
which is of itself somewhat confirmatory
of the substantial correctness
of the list.
Thomas English, Bradford records, “was hired
to goe master of a [the]
shallopp” of the
colonists, in New England waters. He was probably
hired in Holland and
was almost certainly of the Speedwell.
John Alderton (sometimes written Allerton) was, Bradford
states, “a hired
man, reputed [reckoned]
one of the company, but was to go back
(being a seaman) and
so making no account of the voyages for the
help of others behind”
[probably at Leyden]. It is probable that he
was hired in Holland,
and came to Southampton on the Speedwell.
Both English and Alderton
seem to have stood on a different footing
from Trevore and Ely,
the other two seamen in the employ of the
colonists.
William Trevore was, we are told by Bradford, “a
seaman hired to stay a
year in the countrie,”
but whether or not as part of the SPEEDWELL’S
Crew (who, he tells
us, were all hired for a year) does not appear.
As the Master (Reynolds)
and others of her crew undoubtedly returned
to London in her from
Plymouth, and her voyage was cancelled, the
presumption is that
Trevore and Ely were either hired anew or—more
probably—retained
under their former agreement, to proceed by the
may-Flower
to America, apparently (practically) as passengers.
Whether of the consort’s
crew or not, there can be little doubt that
he left Delfshaven on
the Speedwell.
—– Ely, the other seaman in the Planters’
employ, also hired to “remain
a year in the countrie,”
appears to have been drafted, like Trevore,
from the Speedwell
before she returned to London, having, no doubt,
made passage from Holland
in her. Both Trevore and Ely survived
“the general sickness”
at New Plimoth, and at the expiration of the
time for which they
were employed returned on the Fortune to England
Of course the initial embarkation, on Friday, July 21/31 1620, was at Leyden, doubtless upon the Dutch canal-boats which undoubtedly brought them from a point closely adjacent to Pastor Robinson’s house in the Klock-Steeg (Bell, Belfry, Alley), in the garden of which were the houses of many, to Delfshaven.
Rev. John Brown, D.D., says: “The barges needed for the journey were most likely moored near the Nuns’ Bridge which spans the Rapenburg immediately opposite the Klok-Steeg, where Robinsons house was. This, being their usual meeting-place, would naturally be the place of rendezvous on the morning of departure. From thence it was but a stone’s throw to the boats, and quickly after starting they would enter the Vliet, as the section of the canal between Leyden and Delft is named, and which for a little distance runs within the city bounds, its quays forming the streets. In those days the point where the canal leaves the city was guarded by a water-gate, which has long since been removed, as have also the town walls, the only remaining portions of which are the Morsch-gate and the Zylgate. So, gliding along the quiet waters of the Vliet, past the Water-gate, and looking up at the frowning turrets of the Cow-gate, ’they left that goodly and pleasant city which had been their resting-place near twelve years.’ . . . Nine miles from Leyden a branch canal connects the Vliet with the Hague, and immediately beyond their junction a sharp turn is made to the left, as the canal passes beneath the Hoom-bridge; from this point, for the remaining five miles, the high road from the Hague to Delft, lined with noble trees, runs side by side with the canal. In our time the canal-boats make a circuit of the town
Dr. Holmes has prettily pictured the “Departure” in his “Robinson of Leyden,” even if not altogether correctly, geographically.
“He spake; with lingering, long embrace,
With tears of love and partings fond,
They floated down the creeping Maas,
Along the isle of Ysselmond.
“They passed the frowning towers of Briel,
The ‘Hook of Holland’s’ shelf of sand,
And grated soon with lifting keel
The sullen shores of Fatherland.
“No home for these! too well they knew
The mitred king behind the throne;
The sails were set, the pennons flew,
And westward ho! for worlds unknown.”
Winslow informs us that they of the Leyden congregation who volunteered for the American enterprise were rather the smaller fraction of the whole body, though he adds, as noted “that the difference was not great.” A careful analysis of the approximate list of the Leyden colonists, —including, of course, Carver, and Cushman and his family,—whose total number seems to have been seventy-two, indicates that of this number, forty-two, or considerably more than half (the rest being children, seamen, or servants), were probably members of the Leyden church. Of these, thirty, probably, were males and twelve females. The exact proportion this number bore to the numerical strength of Robinson’s church at that time cannot be determined, because while something less than half as we know, gave their votes for the American undertaking, it cannot be known whether or not the women of church had a vote in the matter. Presumably they did not, the primitive church gave good heed to the words of Paul (i Corinthians xiv. 34), “Let your women keep silence in the churches.” Neither can it be known—if they had a voice—whether the wives and daughters of some of the embarking Pilgrims, who did not go themselves at this time, voted with their husbands and fathers for the removal. The total number, seventy-two, coincides very nearly
“When they came to the place” [Delfshaven], says Bradford, “they found the ship and all things ready; and such of their friends as could not come with them [from Leyden] followed after them; and sundry also came from Amsterdam (about fifty miles) to see them shipped, and to take their leave of them.”
Saturday, July 22/Aug. 1, 1620, the Pilgrim company took their farewells, and Winslow records: “We only going aboard, the ship lying to the key [quay] and ready to sail; the wind being fair, we gave them [their friends] a volley of small shot [musketry] and three pieces of ordnance and so lifting up our hands to each other and our hearts for each other to the Lord our God, we departed.”
Goodwin says of the parting: “The hull was wrapped in smoke, through which was seen at the stern the white flag of England doubly bisected by the great red cross of St. George, a token that the emigrants had at last resumed their dearly-loved nationality. Far above them at the main was seen the Union Jack of new device.”
And so after more than eleven years of banishment for conscience’ sake from their native shores, this little band of English exiles, as true to their mother-land—despite persecutions—as to their God, raised the flag of England, above their own little vessel, and under its folds set sail to plant themselves for a larger life in a New World.
And thus opens the “Log” of the Speedwell, and the “Westward-Ho” of the Pilgrim Fathers.
The SPEEDWELL’S log
Sunday, July 23/Aug. 2.
On
the German Ocean. Wind fair. General
course
D.W., toward Southampton. sails
set,
running free.
Monday, July 24/Aug. 3.
Fair.
Wind moderate. Dover Straits
English
Channel. In sight Dover Cliffs.
Tuesday, July 25/Aug. 5
Hugging
English shore. Enters Southampton
Water.
Wednesday, July 26/Aug. 5.
Came
to anchor in Port of Southampton near
ship
Mayflower of Yarmouth, from London (to
which
this pinnace is consort), off the
north
of the West Quay.’
Thursday, July 27/Aug. 6.
At
anchor in port of Southampton.
Friday, July 28/Aug. 7.
Lying
at anchor at Southampton.
Saturday, July 29/Aug. 8.
Lying
at Southampton. May-Flower ready for
sea,
but pinnace leaking and requires
re-trimming.
Sunday, July 30/Aug. 9.
Lying
at Southampton.
Monday, July 31/Aug. 10.
Ditto.
Tuesday, Aug. 1/11.
Ditto.
Wednesday, Aug. 2/22.
Ditto.
Pinnace leaking. Re-trimmed again.
Thursday, Aug 3/13.
Ditto.
Receiving passengers, etc. Some of
principal
Leyden men assigned to Speedwell.
Friday, Aug. 4/14
Southampton.
Making ready to leave.
Saturday, Aug. 5/55.
Dropped
down Southampton Water and beat
down
Channel. Wind dead ahead. Laid general
course
W.S.W.
Sunday, Aug. 6/16.
Wind
baffling. Beating down Channel.
Monday, Aug. 7/17.
Ditto.
Tuesday, Aug. 8/18.
Ditto.
Ship leaking.
Wednesday, Aug. 9/19.
Ship
leaking badly. Wind still ahead.
Thursday, Aug. 10/20.
Ship
still leaking badly. Gaining on
pumps.
Hove to. Signalled may-Flower, in
company.
Consultation with Captain Jones
and
principal passengers. Decided vessels
shall
put back, Dartmouth, being nearest
convenient
port. Wore ship and laid course
for
Dartmouth with good wind.
Friday, Aug. 11/21.
Wind
fair. Ship leaking badly.
Saturday, Aug. 12/22.
Made
port at Dartmouth may-Flower in
company.
Came to anchor near may-Flower.
Sunday, Aug. 13/23.
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor.
Monday, Aug. 14/24.
Moving
cargo and overhauling and retrimming
ship.
Tuesday, Aug. 15/25.
Lying
at Dartmouth. At on ship.
Wednesday, Aug. 16/26.
Ditto.
Found a plank feet long loose and
admitting
water freely, as at a mole hole.
Seams
opened some.
Thursday, Aug. 17/27.
Lying
at Dartmouth. Some dissension among
chief
of passengers. Ship’s “Governor”
unsatisfactory.
Friday, Aug. 18/28.
Lying
at Dartmouth. Still at work on ship.
Saturday, Aug. 19/29.
Still
lying at Dartmouth.
Sunday, Aug. 20/30.
Lying
at Dartmouth.
Monday, Aug. 21/31
Still
at Dartmouth. Overhauling completed.
Cargo
relaced. Making ready to go to sea.
Tuesday, Aug. 22/Sept. 1.
Still
at Dartmouth. Lying at anchor ready
for
sea.
Wednesday, Aug. 23/Sept. 2.
Weighed
anchor,’ as did also may-Flower,
and
set sail. Laid general course W.S.W.
Wind
fair
Thursday, Aug. 24/Sept.3.
Fair
wind, but ship leaking.
Friday, Aug. 25/Sept. 4.
Wind
fair. Ship leaking dangerously.
May-Flower
in company.
Saturday, Aug. 26/Sept. 5.
About
100 leagues [300 miles] from Land’s
End.
Ship leaking badly. Hove to.
Signalled
may-Flower, in company.
Consultation
between masters, carpenters,
and
principal passengers. Decided to put
back
into Plymouth and determine whether
pinnace
is seaworthy. Put about and laid
course
for Plymouth.
Sunday, Aug. 27/Sept. 6.
Wind
on starboard quarter. Made Plymouth
harbor
and came to anchor. May-Flower in
company.
Monday, Aug. 28/Sept. 7.
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Conference
of
chief of Colonists and officers of
may-Flower
and Speedwell. No special leak
could
be found, but it was judged to be the
general
weakness of the ship, and that she
would
not prove sufficient for the voyage.
It
was resolved to dismiss her the
Speedwell,
and part of the company, and
proceed
with the other ship.
Tuesday, Aug. 29/Sept. 8
Lying
at Plymouth. Transferring cargo.
Wednesday, Aug. 30/Sept. 9
Lying
at Plymouth. Transferring cargo.
Saturday, Sept. 2/12
Ditto.
Reassignment of passengers. Master
Cushman
and family, Master Blossom and son,
Wm.
Ring and others to return in pinnace to
London.
Sunday, Sept. 3/13
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead.
Monday, Sept. 4/14
Weighed
anchor and took departure for
London,
leaving may-Flower at anchor in
roadstead.
Saturday, Sept. 9/19
Off
Gravesend. Came to anchor in Thames.
The end
of the voyage and
of the log
of the
may-FLOWER’S
consort
From Bradford we learn that the Speedwell was sold at London, and was “refitted”, her old trip being restored, and that she afterwards made for her new owners many and very prosperous voyages.
THE MAY-FLOWER’S CHARTER AND THE ADVENTURERS
The ship may-Flower was evidently chartered about the middle of June, 1620 at London, by Masters Thomas West Robert Cushman acting together in behalf of the Merchant Adventurers (chiefly of London) and the English congregation of “Separatists” (the “Pilgrims"), at Leyden in Holland who, with certain of England associated, proposed to colony in America.
Professor Arber, when he says, in speaking of Cushman and Weston, “the hiring of the may-Flower, when they did do it, was their act alone, and the Leyden church nothing to do with it,” seems to forget that Cushman and his associate Carver had no other function or authority in their conjunction with Weston and Martin, except to represent the Leyden congregation. Furthermore, it was the avowed wish of Robinson (see his letter dated June 14, 1620, to John Carver), that Weston “may [should] presently succeed in hiring” [a ship], which was equivalent to hoping that Carver and Cushman—Weston’s associates representing Leyden—would aid in so doing. Moreover, Bradford expressly states that: “Articles of Agreement, drawn by themselves were, by their [the Leyden congregation’s] said messenger [Carver] sent into England, who together with Robert Cushman were to receive moneys and make provisions, both for shipping, and other things for the voyage.”
Up to Saturday, June 10, nothing had been effected in the way of providing shipping for the migrating planters though the undertaking had been four months afoot—beyond the purchase and refitting, in Holland, by the Leyden people themselves, of a pinnace of sixty tons (the Speedwell) intended as consort to a larger ship—and the hiring of a “pilott” to refit her, as we have seen.
The Leyden leaders had apparently favored purchasing also the larger vessel still needed for the voyage, hoping, perhaps, to interest therein at least one of their friends, Master Edward Pickering, a merchant of Holland, himself one of the Adventurers, while Master Weston had, as appears, inclined to hire. From this disagreement and other causes, perhaps certain sinister reasons, Weston had become disaffected, the enterprise drooped, the outlook was dubious, and several formerly interested drew back, until shipping should be provided and the good faith of the enterprise be thus assured.
It transpires from Robinson’s letter dated June 14., before quoted (in which he says: “For shipping, Master Weston, it should seem is set upon hiring"), that Robinson’s own idea was to purchase, and he seems to have dominated the rest. There is perhaps a hint of his reason for this in the following clause of the same letter, where he writes: “I do not think Master Pickering [the friend previously named] will ingage, except in the course of buying [’ships?’—Arber interpolates] as in former letters specified.” If he had not then “ingaged” (as Robinson intimates), as an Adventurer, he surely did later, contrary to the pastor’s prediction, and the above may have been a bit of special pleading. Robinson naturally wished to keep their, affairs, so far as possible, in known and supposedly friendly hands, and had possibly some assurances that, as a merchant, Pickering would be willing to invest in a ship for which he could get a good charter for an American voyage. He proved rather an unstable friend.
Robinson is emphatic, in the letter cited, as to the imperative necessity that shipping should be immediately provided if the enterprise was to be held together and the funds subscribed were to be secured. He evidently considered this the only guaranty of good faith and of an honest intention to immediately transport the colony over sea, that would be accepted. After saying, as already noted, that those behind-hand with their payments refuse to pay in “till they see shipping provided or a course taken for it,” he adds, referring to Master Weston: “That he should not have had either shipping ready before this time, or at least certain [i.e. definite] means and course, and the same known to us, for it; or have taken other order otherwise; cannot in [according to] my conscience be excused.”
Bradford also states that one Master Thomas Weston a merchant of London, came to Leyden about the same time [apparently while negotiations for emigration under their auspices were pending with the Dutch, in February or March, 1620], who was “well acquainted with some of them and a furtherer of them in their former proceedings.... and persuaded them.... not to meddle with the Dutch,” etc. This Robinson confirms in his letter to Carver before referred to, saying: “You know right well we depend on Master Weston alone,.... and when we had in hand another course with the Dutchman, broke it off at his motion.”
On the morning of the 10th of June, 1620, Robert Cushman, one of the Leyden agents at London, after writing to his associate, Master John Carver, then at Southampton; and to the Leyden leaders—in reply to certain censorious letters received by him from both these sources —although disheartened by the difficulties and prospects before him, sought Master Weston, and by an urgent appeal so effectively wrought upon him, that, two hours later, coming to Cushman, he promised “he would not yet give it [the undertaking] up.” Cushman’s patience and endurance were evidently nearly “at the breaking point,” for he says in his letter of Sunday, June 11, when success had begun to crown his last grand effort: “And, indeed, the many discouragements I find here [in London] together with the demurs and retirings there [at Leyden] had made me to say, ’I would give up my accounts to John Carver and at his coming from Southampton acquaint him fully with all courses [proceedings] and so leave it quite, with only the poor clothes on my back: But gathering up myself by further consideration, I resolved yet to make one trial more,” etc. It was this “one trial more” which meant so much to the Pilgrims; to the cause of Religion; to America; and to Humanity. It will rank with the last heroic and successful efforts of Robert the Bruce and others, which have become historic. The effect of Cushman’s appeal upon Weston cannot be doubted. It not only apparently influenced him at the time, but, after reflection and the lapse of hours, it brought him to his associate to promise further loyalty, and, what was much better, to act. The real animus of Weston’s backwardness, it is quite probable, lay in the designs of Gorges, which were probably not yet fully matured, or, if so, involved delay as an essential part. “And so,” Cushman states, “advising together, we resolved to hire a ship.” They evidently found one that afternoon, “of sixty last” (120 tons) which was called “a fine ship,” and which they “took liking of [Old English for trial (Dryden), equivalent to refusal] till Monday.” The same afternoon they “hired another pilot . . . one Master Clarke.”—of whom further.
It seems certain that by the expression, “we have hired another pilot here, one Master Clarke,” etc.; that Cushman was reckoning the “pilott” Reynolds whom he had hired and sent over to them in Holland, as shown—as at the first, and now Clarke as “another.” It nowhere appears that up to this date, any other than these two had been hired, nor had there been until then, any occasion for more than one.
If Cushman had been engaged in such important negotiations as these before he wrote his letters to Carver and the Leyden friends, on Saturday morning, he would certainly have mentioned them. As he named neither, it is clear that they had not then occurred. It is equally certain that Cushman’s appeal to Weston was not made, and his renewed activity aroused, until after these letters had been dispatched and nothing of the kind could have been done without Weston.
His letter-writing of June 10 was obviously in the morning, as proven by the great day’s work Cushman performed subsequently. He must have written his letters early and have taken them to such place as his messenger had suggested (Who his messenger was does not appear, but it was not John Turner, as suggested by Arber, for he did not arrive till that night.) Cushman must then have looked up Weston and had an hour or more of earnest argument with him, for he says: “at the last [as if some time was occupied] he gathered himself up a little more” [i.e. yielded somewhat.] Then came an interval of “two hours,” at the end of which Weston came to him,
[It would be highly interesting to know whether, in the two hours which intervened between Cushman’s call on Weston and the latter’s return call, Weston consulted Gorges and got his instructions. It is certain that he came prepared to act, and that vigorously, which he had not previously been.]
and they “advised together,”—which took time. It was by this evidently somewhat past noon, a four or five hours having been consumed. They then went to look for a ship and found one, which, from Cushman’s remark, “but a fine ship it is,” they must (at least superficially) have examined. While hunting for the ship they seem to have come across, and to have hired, John Clarke the “pilot,” with whom they necessarily, as with the ship’s people, spent some time. It is not improbable that the approach of dusk cut short their examination of the ship, which they hence “took liking of [refusal of] till Monday.” It is therefore evident that the “refusal” of the “sixty last” ship was taken, and the “pilot” Clarke was “hired,” on Saturday afternoon, June 10, as on Sunday, June 11, Cushman informed the Leyden leaders of these facts by letter, as above indicated, and gave instructions as to the SPEEDWELL’S “pilott,” Master Reynolds.
We are therefore able to fix, nearly to an hour, the “turning of the tide” in the affairs of the Pilgrim movement to America.
It is also altogether probable that the Pilgrims and humanity at large are still further (indirectly) indebted to Cushman’s “one more trial” and resultant Saturday afternoon’s work, for the may-Flower (though not found that day), and her able commander Jones, who, whatever his faults, safely brought the Pilgrims through stormy seas to their “promised land.”
Obligations of considerable and rapidly cumulative cost had now been incurred, making it imperative to go forward to embarkation with all speed, and primarily, to secure the requisite larger ship. Evidently Weston and Cushman believed they had found one that would serve, when on Saturday, they “took liking,” as we have seen, of the “fine ship” of 120 tons, “till Monday.” No less able authorities than Charles Deane, Goodwin, and Brown, with others, have mistakenly concluded that this ship was the may-Flower, and have so
It is also evident that for some reason this smaller ship (found on Saturday afternoon) was not taken, probably because the larger one, the may-Flower, was immediately offered to and secured by Masters Weston and Cushman, and very probably with general approval. Just how the may-Flower was obtained may never be certainly known. It was only on Saturday, June 10, as we have seen, that Master Weston had seriously set to work to look for a ship; and although the refusal
It is quite likely that Clarke, the newly engaged “pilot,” learning that his employers required a competent commander for their ship, brought to their notice the master of the ship (the Falcon) in which he had made his recent voyage to Virginia, Captain Jones, who, having powerful friends at his back in both Virginia Companies (as later appears), and large experience, was able to approve himself to the Adventurers. It is also probable that Thomas Weston engaged him himself, on the recommendation of the Earl of Warwick, at the instance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges.
As several weeks would be required to fit the ship for her long voyage on such service, and as she sailed from London July 15, her charter-party must certainly have been signed by June 20, 1620. The Speedwell, as appears from various sources (Bradford, Winslow et al.), sailed from Delfshaven, Saturday, July 22. She is said to have been four days on the passage to Southampton, reaching there Wednesday, July 26. Cushman, in his letter of Thursday, August 17, from Dartmouth to Edward Southworth, says, “We lay at Southampton seven days waiting for her” (the Speedwell), from which it is evident, both that Cushman came on the may-Flower from London, and that the may-Flower must have left London at least ten days before the 26th of July, the date of the SPEEDWELL’S arrival. As given traditionally, it was on the 15th, or eleven days before the SPEEDWELL’S arrival at Southampton.
By whom the charter-party of the may-Flower was signed will probably remain matter of conjecture, though we are not without intimations of some value regarding it. Captain John Smith tells us that the Merchant Adventurers (presumably one of the contracting parties) “were about seventy, . . . not a Corporation, but knit together by a voluntary combination in a Society without constraint or penalty. They have a President and Treasurer every year newly chosen by the most voices, who ordereth the affairs of their Courts and meetings; and with the assent of most of them, undertaketh all the ordinary business, but in more weighty affairs, the assent of the whole Company is required.” It would seem from the foregoing—which, from so intelligent a source at a date so contemporaneous,
If the facts were indeed as stated by Smith,—whose knowledge of what he affirmed there is no reason to doubt,—there can be little question that the contract for the service of the may-Flower was signed by the entire number of the Adventurers on the one part. If so, its covenants would be equally binding upon each of them except as otherwise therein stipulated, or provided by the law of the realm. In such case, the charter-party of the may-Flower, with the autograph of each Merchant Adventurer appended, would constitute, if it could be found, one of the most interesting and valuable of historical documents. That it was not signed by any of the Leyden congregation—in any representative capacity—is well-nigh certain. Their contracts were with the Adventurers alone, and hence they were not directly concerned in the contracts of the latter, their “agents” being but co-workers with the Adventurers (under their partnership agreements), in finding shipping, collecting moneys, purchasing supplies, and in generally promoting the enterprise. That they were not signing-parties to this contract, in particular, is made very certain by the suggestion of Cushman’s letter of Sunday, June 11, to the effect that he hoped that “our friends there [at Leyden] if they be quitted of the ship-hire [as then seemed certain, as the Adventurers would hire on general account] will be induced to venture [invest] the more.” There had evidently been a grave fear on the part of the Leyden people that if they were ever to get away, they would have to hire the necessary ship themselves.
There is just the shadow of a doubt thrown upon the accuracy of Smith’s statement as to the non-corporate status of the Adventurers, by the loose and unwieldy features which must thereby attach to their business transactions, to which it seems probable that merchants like Weston, Andrews, Beauchamp, Shirley, Pickering, Goffe, and others would object, unless the law at that time expressly limited and defined the rights and liabilities of members in such voluntary associations. Neither evidences of (primary) incorporation, or of such legal limitation, have, however, rewarded diligent search. There was evidently some more definite and corporate form of ownership in the properties and values of the Adventurers, arrived at later. A considerable reduction in the number of proprietors
This all-important and historic body—the company of Merchant Adventurers—is entitled to more than passing notice. Associated to “finance” the projected transplantation of the Leyden congregation of “Independents” to the “northern parts of Virginia,” under such patronage and protection of the English government and its chartered Companies as they might be able to secure, they were no doubt primarily brought together by the efforts of one of their number, Thomas Weston, Esq., the London merchant previously named, though for some obscure reason Master John Pierce (also one of them) was their “recognized” representative in dealing with the (London) Virginia Company and the Council for the Affairs of New England, in regard to their Patents.
Bradford states that Weston “was well acquainted with some of them the Leyden leaders and a furtherer of them in their former proceedings,” and this fact is more than once referred to as ground for their gratitude and generosity toward him, though where, or in what way, his friendship had been exercised, cannot be learned,—perhaps in the difficulties attending their escape from “the north country” to Holland. It was doubtless largely on this account, that his confident assurances of all needed aid in their plans for America were so relied upon; that he was so long and so fully trusted; and that his abominable treachery and later abuse were so patiently borne.
We are indebted to the celebrated navigator, Captain John Smith, of Virginia fame, always the friend of the New England colonists, for most of what we know of the organization and purposes of this Company. His ample statement, worthy of repetition here, recites, that “the Adventurers which raised the stock to begin and supply this Plantation, were about seventy: some, Gentlemen; some, Merchants; some, handicraftsmen; some adventuring great sums, some, small; as their estates and affections served . . . . These dwell most about London. They are not a corporation but knit together, by a voluntary combination, in a Society, with out constraint or penalty; aiming to do good and to plant Religion.” Their organization, officers, and rules of conduct, as given by Smith, have already been quoted. It is to be feared from the conduct of such men as Weston, Pierce, Andrews, Shirley, Thornell, Greene, Pickering, Alden, and others, that profitable investment, rather than desire “to do good and to plant Religion,” was their chief interest. That the higher motives mentioned by Smith governed such tried and steadfast souls as Bass, Brewer, Collier, Fletcher, Goffe, Hatherly, Ling, Mullens, Pocock, Thomas, and a few others, there can be no doubt.
[Weston wrote Bradford, April 10, 1622, “I perceive and know as well as another ye disposition of your adventurers, whom ye hope of gaine hath drawne on to this they have done; and yet I fear ye hope will not draw them much further.” While Weston’s character was utterly bad, and he had then alienated his interest in both Pilgrims and Adventurers, his judgment of men was evidently good.]
No complete list of the original “seventy” has ever been found, and we are indebted for the names of forty-two, of the fifty who are now known, to the final “Composition” made with the Pilgrim colonists, through the latter’s representatives, November 15/25, 1626, as given by Bradford, and to private research for the rest. The list of original members of the company of Merchant Adventurers, as ascertained to date, is as follows. More extended mention of them appears in the notes appended to this list.
Robert Allden, Thomas Fletcher, Emanuel Altham, Thomas
Goffe, Richard
Andrews, Peter Gudburn, Thomas Andrews, William Greene,
Lawrence Anthony,
Timothy Hatherly, Edward Bass, Thomas Heath, John
Beauchamp, William
Hobson, Thomas Brewer, Robert Holland, Henry Browning,
Thomas Hudson,
William Collier, Robert Keayne, Thomas Coventry, Eliza
Knight,
John Knight, John Revell, Miles Knowles, Newman Rookes,
John Ling, Samuel
Sharpe, Christopher Martin(Treasurer pro tem.), James
Shirley
(Treasurer), Thomas Millsop, William Thomas, Thomas
Mott, John Thornell
William Mullens, Fria Newbald, Matthew Thornell William
Pennington,
William Penrin. Joseph Tilden, Edward Pickering,
Thomas Ward, John
Pierce, John White, John Pocock, John Wincob, Daniel
Poynton, Thomas
Weston, William Quarles, Richard Wright.
Shirley, in a letter to Governor Bradford, mentions a Mr. Fogge and a Mr. Coalson, in a way to indicate that they might have been, like himself, Collier, Thomas, Hatherly, Beauchamp, and Andrews, also of the original Merchant Adventurers, but no proof that they were such has yet been discovered. It has been suggested that Sir Edwin Sandys was one of the number, at the inception of the enterprise, but—though there is evidence to indicate that he stood the friend of the Pilgrims in many ways, possibly lending them money, etc.—there is no proof that he was ever one of the Adventurers. It is more probable that certain promoters of Higginson’s and Winthrop’s companies, some ten years later, were early financial sponsers of the may-Flower Pilgrims. Some of them were certainly so, and it is likely that others not known as such, in reality, were. Bradford suggests, in a connection to indicate the possibility of his having been an “Adventurer,” the name of a “Mr. Denison,” of whom nothing more is known. George Morton of London, merchant, and friend of the leaders from the inception, and later a colonist, is sometimes mentioned as probably of the list, but no evidence of the fact as yet appears. Sir George Farrer and his brother were among the first of the Adventurers, but withdrew themselves and their subscriptions very early, on account of some dissatisfaction.
It is impossible, in the space at command, to give more than briefest mention of each of these individual Adventurers.
Allden. Was at one time unfriendly to the Pilgrims,—Bradford
calls him
“one of our powerfullest
opposers,”—but later their ally.
Little
is known of him.
He appears to have been of London.
Altham. Was Master of the pinnace little
James, belonging chiefly to
Fletcher, and apparently
expected to command her on her voyage to
New Plymouth in 1623,
as consort of the Anne, but for some reason
did not go, and William
Bridge went as her Master, in his stead.
Andrews (Richard). Was one of the wealthiest
and most liberal of the
Adventurers. He
was a haberdasher of Cheapside, London, and an
Alderman of the city.
He became an early proprietor and liberal
benefactor of the Massachusetts
Bay Company, but most illogically
gave the debt due him
from Plymouth Colony (L540) to the stronger
and richer Bay Colony.
He had been, however, unjustly prejudiced
against the Pilgrims,
probably through the deceit of Pierce, Weston,
Shirley, and Allerton.
Andrews (Thomas). A Lord Mayor of London, reputed
a brother of the
last-named. Never
very active in the Adventurers’ affairs, but
friendly, so far as
appears.
Anthony. Little or nothing is known concerning him.
Bass. Was one of the enduring friends of the
struggling Colony and
loaned them money when
they were in dire straits and the prospect of
recovery was not good.
He was of London, and considerable is known
concerning him.
Beauchamp. Was one of the most active of the
Company for many years.
Generally to be relied
upon as the Colony’s friend, but not without
some sordid self seeking.
Apparently a wealthy citizen and “salter”
of London.
Brewer. Is too well-known as long the partner
of Brewster in the conduct
of the “hidden
press” at Leyden, and as a sufferer for conscience’
sake, to require identification.
He was a wealthy man, a scholar,
writer, printer, and
publisher. Was of the University of Leyden,
but removed to London
after the departure of the chief of the
Pilgrims. Was
their stanch friend, a loyal defender of the faith,
and spent most of his
later life in prison, under persecution of the
Bishops.
Browning. Does not appear to have been active,
and little is known of
him.
Collier. Was a stanch and steadfast friend.
Finally cast in his lot
with the Pilgrims at
New Plymouth and became a leading man in the
government there.
His life is well known. He was a “brewer.”
Coventry. Appears only as a signer, and nothing is known of him.
Fletcher. Was a well-to-do merchant of London,
a warm friend and a
reliance of the Pilgrims.
The loss of the little James was a severe
blow to him financially.
Greene. Appears to have been a merchant and
a partner in Holland (and
perhaps at London) of
Edward Pickering. They were well acquainted
personally with the
Pilgrims, and should have been among their most
liberal and surest friends.
Facts indicate, however, that they were
sordid in their interest
and not entirely just.
Goffe. Was a London merchant and ship-owner,
as else where appears.
He was not only a Merchant
Adventurer, but a patentee and
deputy-governor of the
Massachusetts Company, and an intimate
friend of Winthrop.
He lost heavily by his New England ventures.
There is, as shown elsewhere,
good reason to believe that he was
the owner of the may-Flower
on her historic voyage, as also when
she came over in Higginson’s
and Winthrop’s fleets, ten years
later.
Gudburn. Appears only as a signer, so far as known.
Hatherly. Was a well-to-do friend of the Pilgrims,
and after many
complaints had been
made against them among the “Purchasers”
—arising
out of the rascality of Shirley and Allerton—went
to New
England on a mission
of inquiry. He was perfectly convinced of the
Pilgrims’ integrity
and charmed with the country. He made another
visit, and removed thither
in 1633, to remain. He became at once
prominent in the government
of New Plimoth Colony.
Heath. Does not appear to have been active, and naught is known of him.
Hobson. Is known only as a signer of the “Composition.”
Holland. Was a friend and ally of the Pilgrims,
and one of their
correspondents.
He is supposed to have been of the ancient house of
that name and to have
lived in London.
Hudson. Was not active, and appears as a signer only.
Keayne. Was a well-to-do citizen of the vicinity
of London, a friend, in
a general way, of the
Pilgrims. He came to Boston with Winthrop.
Was prominent in the
Massachusetts Colony. Was the founder and
first commander of the
early Artillery Company of Boston, the oldest
military organization
of the United States, and died at Boston,
leaving a large estate
and a very remarkable will, of which he made
Governor Winslow an
“overseer.” He was an erratic,—but
valuable,
citizen.
Knight (Eliza). Seems to have been the only
woman of the Adventurers, so
far as they are known,
but no thing is known of her. It has been
suggested that the given
name has been wrongly spelled and should be
“Eleazar,”—a
man’s name,—but the “Composition”
gives the signature
as Eliza, clearly, as
published.
Knight (John). Finds no especial mention.
He was probably a relative of
Eliza.
Knowles. Appears only as a signer of the “Composition.”
Ling. Was a wealthy friend of the colonists
and always true to them. He
lost his property and
was in poverty when the Pilgrims (though not
yet well on their feet),
in grateful remembrance of his fidelity,
sent him a generous
gift.
Martin. Was the first treasurer of the colonists
and also a may-Flower
Pilgrim. Mention
of him appears later. He was no credit to the
Company, and his early
death probably prevented much vexation.
Millsop. Appears only as a signer of the “Composition.”
Mott. Has no especial mention, but is believed
to have sent some of his
people to Plymouth Colony
at an early day.
Mullens. Was, as appears elsewhere, a well-conditioned
tradesman of
Surrey, England, who
was both an Adventurer and a may-Flower
Pilgrim, and Martin
and himself appear to have been the only ones
who enjoyed that distinction.
He died, however, soon after the
arrival at Plymouth.
That he was an Adventurer is but recently
discovered by the author,
but there appears no room for doubt as to
the fact. His record
was brief, but satisfactory, in its relation to
the Pilgrims.
Newbald. Finds no especial mention.
Pennington. Appears only as a signer. It is a London name.
Penrin. Appears only as a signer of the “Composition.”
Pickering. Is introduced to us first as a Leyden
merchant, through John
Robinson’s letters.
He appears to have been a shrewd, cold-blooded
calculator, like his
partner-Adventurer, Greene, not interested
especially in the Pilgrims,
except for gain, and soon deserting the
Adventurers. His
family seem to have been in favor with Charles ii.
(See Pepys’ “Diary.”)
Pierce (John). Although recognized by the Virginia
Companies and Council
for New England, as
the representative of the Adventurers, he has
only been recently generally
reckoned a chief man of the
Adventurers. A
Protean friend of the Pilgrims, never reliable, ever
pretentious, always
self-seeking, and of no help. He was finally
ruined by the disasters
to his ship, the Paragon, which cost him all
his interests.
Having attempted treacherously to secure to himself
the Patent granted in
the Colony’s interest, he was compelled by the
Council to surrender
its advantages to the Adventurers and
colonists.
Pocock. Was a stanch and firm supporter of the
Pilgrims and their
interests, at all times,
and to the end. He was also a financial
supporter and deputy-governor
the Massachusetts Company, under
Winthrop. A correspondent
of Bradford. A good man.
Poyton. Finds no especial mention. He appears as a signer only.
Quarles. Appears only as a signer of the “Composition.”
Revell. Was a very wealthy citizen, merchant,
and ship owner of London,
and a good man.
He became also ardently interested in Winthrop’s
Company. Was an
“assistant” and one of the five “undertakers”
chosen to go to New
England to reside. He went to New England on
the Jewell of Winthrop’s
fleet, and was part owner of the lady
ARBELLA. He evidently,
however, did not like the life, and returned
after a few weeks’
stay.
Rookes. Appears only as a signer.
Sharpe. Was also a friend of both Pilgrim and
Puritan. He came to New
England in 1629, and
settled first at Salem, in the Massachusetts
Company. He died
in 1658, having long been a ruling elder of the
church there.
He met with many enemies, but was a valuable man and
an able one. He
was Governor Cradock’s New England agent.
Shirley. Requires little mention here.
The perfidious friend of the
Pilgrims,—perhaps
originally true to them,—he sunk everything
for
hope of gain.
He was treasurer of the Adventurers, one of their
most active and intelligent
men, but proved a rascal and a canting
hypocrite. He
was a “citizen and gold-smith” of London.
Thomas. Has nowhere been enumerated in any list
of the Adventurers
(though occasionally
mentioned as such by recent writers), which is
strange, as repeated
letters of his to Bradford, and other data,
show him to have been
one of the best and truest of them all. He
sold his interests before
the “Composition” and became a colonist
after 1630. He
was the fifth of the Adventurers to come to New
England to remain, and
cast in his lot with the Pilgrims at New
Plimoth—Martin,
Mullens, Collier, and Hatherly preceding him.
A
wealthy and well-informed
man, he became a power in the government.
Probably Welsh by birth,
he was a London merchant when the
Adventurers were organized.
His home at Marshfield, Massachusetts,
has since become additionally
famous as the home of Daniel Webster.
Thornell (John). Is sometimes confounded with
another Adventurer,
Matthew Thornhill, as
his name is some times so spelled. There is
reason to believe they
were related. He was not a friend to the
Pilgrims.
Thornhill (or Thornell), (Matthew). Little is known concerning him.
Tilden. Was of an old family in Kent, “a
citizen and girdler of London,”
as his will declares,
his brother (Nathaniel) later coming to New
England and settling
near Hatherly at Scituate. Nathaniel’s
son
Joseph—named
for his uncle—was made his executor and
heir. The
uncle was always a firm
friend of the Pilgrims. Mr. Tilden’s will
is given by Waters ("Genealogical
Gleanings,” vol. i. p. 71), and
is of much interest.
Ward. Appears only as a signer.
White. Probably the Rev. John White, a stanch
friend of the Pilgrims,
although not a “Separatist,”
and intimately connected with the
upbuilding of New England.
His record was a broad and noble one.
Goodwin says: “Haven
thinks White was that Dorchester clergyman
reputed to be the author
of the Planters’ Plea.” Probably,
but
not certainly, William
White of the Pilgrims was also an Adventurer.
Wincob (?). Was a gentleman of the family of
the Countess of Lincoln,
and the one in whose
name the first patent in behalf of the
Adventurers and Pilgrims
(which, however, was never used) was taken.
It is only recently
that evidences which, though not conclusive, are
yet quite indicative,
have caused his name to be added to the list,
though there is still
a measure of doubt whether it belongs there.
Weston. Requires little mention here.
Once a friend of the Pilgrims and
unmistakably the organizer
of the Adventurers, he became a graceless
ingrate and rascal.
An instrument of good at first, he became a
heartless and designing
enemy of the Planters. He was a “citizen
and merchant [ironmonger]
of London.” It is altogether probable
that he was originally
a tool of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and was led
by him to influence
the Leyden brethren to break off negotiations
with the Dutch.
He died poor, at Bristol, England.
Wright. Perhaps came to New Plimoth and married
a daughter of the
may-Flower
Pilgrim, Francis Cooke. If so, he settled at Rehoboth
and
became its leading citizen.
He may possibly have been the settler
of that name in the
Bay-Colony, and the weight of evidence rather
favors the latter supposition.
Of the Adventurers, Collier, Hatherly, Keayne, Mullens, Revell, Pierce, Sharpe, Thomas, and Weston, probably Wright and White, possibly others, came to America for longer or shorter periods. Several of them were back and forth more than once. The records show that Andrews, Goffe, Pocock, Revell, Sharpe, and White were subsequently members of the Massachusetts (Winthrop’s) Company.
Professor Arberl finds but six of the Pilgrim Merchant Adventurers who later were among the Adventurers with Winthrop’s Company of Massachusetts Bay, viz.:—Thomas Andrews, John Pocock, Samuel Sharpe, Thomas Goffe, John Revell, John White.
He should have added at least, the names of Richard
Andrews and Robert
Keayne, and probably that of Richard Wright.
Of their number, Collier, Hatherly, Martin, Mullens, Thomas, and (possibly) Wright were Plymouth colonists Martin and Mullens, as noted, being may-Flower Pilgrims. Nathaniel Tilden, a brother of Joseph Tilden of the Adventurers, came, as previously mentioned, to the Colony from Kent, settling at Scituate. Joseph, being apparently unmarried, made his nephew, Joseph of Scituate, his residuary legatee, and his property mostly came over to the Colony.
Collier, Hatherly, and Thomas all located within a few miles of one another, were all wealthy and prominent men in the government of the Colony, were intimate friends,—the first and last especially,—and lent not a little dignity and character to this new dependency of King James the First. The remaining twenty or thereabouts whose names are not surely known—though a few of them are pretty safely conjectured, some being presumably of the Holland Pilgrims and their friends—were probably chiefly small contributors, whose rights were acquired from time to time by others of larger faith in the enterprise, or greater sympathy or means. Not all, however, who had ceased to hold their interests when the “Composition” was made with Allerton in behalf of the colonists, in 1626, were of these small holders. Weston was forced out by stress of circumstances; Thomas moved to New England; Pierce was ruined by his ventures by sea; Martin and Mullens died in 1621; Pickering and Greene got out early, from distrust as to profits; Wincob alone, of this class, was a small investor, if he was one at all.
By far the greater portion of the sums invested by the Adventurers in behalf of the Colony is represented by those whose names are known, those still unknown representing, doubtless, numbers rather than amounts. It is, however, interesting to note, that more than four sevenths of the original number, as given by Captain John Smith, continued to retain their interests till the “Composition” of 1626. It is to be hoped that it may yet be possible to increase considerably, if not to perfect, the list of these coadjutors of the Pilgrims—the Merchant Adventurers—the contracting “party of the second part,” to the charter-party of the may-Flower.
Who the Owner of the may-Flower was, or who his representative, the “party of the first part,” to the charter party of the Pilgrim ship, cannot be declared with absolute certainty, though naturally a matter of absorbing interest. There is, however, the strongest probability, as before intimated, that Thomas Goffe, Esq., one of the Merchant Adventurers, and always a stanch friend of the Pilgrims, was the owner of the historic vessel,—and as such has interwoven his name and hers with the histories of both the Pilgrim and Puritan hegiras from Old to New England. He was, as previously stated, a wealthy “merchant and ship owner of London,” and not only an Adventurer with the Leyden Pilgrims, but—nearly ten years later—a patentee of the Massachusetts Company and one of its charter officers.
We are told in the journal of Governor Winthrop of that Company—then on board the lady ARBELLA, the, “Admiral” or flagship of his fleet, riding at Cowes, ready to set sail for New England—that on “Easter Monday (March 29), 1630, the Charles, the may-Flower, the William and Francis, the Hopewell, the Whale, the success, and the trial,”
Sadly enough, the young man, Henry Winthrop, was drowned at Salem the very day after his arrival, and before that of either of the other vessels: the Hopewell, or William and Francis (which arrived at Salem the 3d); or the trial or Charles (which arrived—the first at Charlestown, of the last at Salem—the 5th); or the success (which arrived the 6th); making it certain that he must have come in either the may-Flower or the Whale. If, as appears, Goffe owned them both, then his ownership of the may-Flower
In view of such positive statements as these, from such eminent authorities and others, and of the collateral facts as to the probable ownership of the may-Flower in 1630, and on her earlier voyages herein presented, the doubt expressed by the Rev. Mr. Blaxland in his “Mayflower Essays,” whether the ship bearing her name was the same, on these three several voyages, certainly does not seem justified.
Captain William Pierce, who commanded the may-Flower in 1629, when she brought over part of the Leyden company, was the very early and intimate friend of the Pilgrims—having brought over the Anne with Leyden passengers in 1623—and sailed exclusively in the employ of the Merchant Adventurers, or some of their number, for many years, which is of itself suggestive.
To accept, as beyond serious doubt, Mr. Goffe’s ownership of the may-Flower, when she made her memorable voyage to New Plimoth, one need only to compare, and to interpret logically, the significant facts; —that he was a ship-owner of London and one of the body of Merchant Adventurers who set her forth on her Pilgrim voyage in 1620; and that he stood, as her evident owner, in similar relation to the Puritan company which chartered her for New England, similarly carrying colonists, self-exiled for religion’s sake, in 1629 and again in 1630. This conviction is greatly strengthened by the fact that Mr. Goffe continued one of the Pilgrim Merchant Adventurers, until their interests were transferred to the colonists by the “Composition” of 1626, and three years later (1629) sent by the may-Flower, on her second New England voyage, although under a Puritan charter, another company from the Leyden congregation. The (cipher) letter of the “Governor and deputies of the New-England Company for a plantation in Massachusetts Bay” to Captain John Endicott, written at Gravesend, England, the 17th of April, 1629, says: “If you want any Swyne wee have agreed with those of Ne[w] Plimouth that they deliver you six Sowes with pigg for which they a[re] to bee allowed 9 lb. in accompt of what they the Plymouth people owe unto Mr. Goffe [our] deputie [Governor].” It appears from the foregoing that the Pilgrims at New Plymouth were in debt to Mr. Goffe in 1629, presumably for advances and passage money on account of the contingent of the Leyden congregation, brought over with Higginson’s company to Salem, on the second trip of the may-Flower. Mr. Goffe’s intimate connection with the Pilgrims was certainly unbroken from the organization of their Merchant Adventurers in 1619/20, through the entire period of ten years, to 1630. There is every reason to believe, and none to doubt, that his ownership of the may-Flower of imperishable renown remained equally unbroken throughout these years, and that his signature as her owner was appended to her Pilgrim charter-party in 1620. Whoever the signatories of her charter-party may have been, there can be no doubt that the good ship may-Flower, in charge of her competent, if treacherous, Master, Captain Thomas Jones, and her first “pilot,” John Clarke, lay in the Thames near London through the latter part of June and the early part of July, in the summer of 1620, undergoing a thorough overhauling, under contract as a colonist-transport, for a voyage to the far-off shores of “the northern parts of Virginia.”
In whatever of old English verbiage, with quaint terms and cumbersome repetition, the stipulations of this contract of were concealed, there can be no doubt that they purported and designed to “ingage” that “the Good ship may-Flower of Yarmouth, of 9 score tuns burthen, whereof for the present viage Thomas Joanes is Master,” should make the “viage” as a colonist-transport, “from the city of London in His Majesty’s Kingdom of Great Britain,” etc., “to the neighborhood of the mouth of Hudson’s River, in the northern parts of Virginia and return, calling at the Port of Southampton, outward bound, to complete her lading, the same of all kinds, to convey to, and well and safely deliver at, such port or place, at or about the mouth of Hudson’s River, so-called, in Virginia aforesaid, as those in authority of her passengers shall direct,” etc., with provision as to her return lading, through her supercargo, etc.
It is probable that the exact stipulations of the contract will never transpire, and we can only roughly guess at them, by somewhat difficult comparison with the terms on which the lady ARBELLA, the “Admiral,” or flagship, of Winthrop’s fleet, was chartered in 1630, for substantially the like voyage (of course, without expectation or probability, of so long a stay on the New England coast), though the latter was much the larger ship. The contract probably named an “upset” or total sum for the “round voyage,” as was the of the case with the lady ARBELLA, though it is to be hoped there was no “demurrage” clause, exacting damage, as is usual, for each day of detention beyond the “lay days” allowed, for the long and unexpected tarries in Cape Cod and Plymouth harbors must have rolled up an appalling “demurrage” claim. Winthrop enters among his memoranda, “The agreement for the ARBELLA L750, whereof is to be paid in hand [i e. cash down] the rest upon certificate of our safe arrival.” The sum was doubtless considerably in excess of that paid for the may-Flower, both because she was a much larger, heavier-armed, and better-manned ship, of finer accommodations, and because ships were, in 1630, in far greater demand for the New England trade than in 1620, Winthrop’s own fleet including no less than ten. The adjustments of freight and passage moneys between the Adventurers and colonists are matter of much doubt and perplexity, and are not likely to be fully ascertained. The only light thrown upon them is by the tariffs for such service on Winthrop’s fleet, and for passage, etc., on different ships, at a little later day. It is altogether probable that transportation of all those accepted as colonists, by the agents of the Adventurers and “Planters,” was without direct charge to any individual, but was debited against the whole. But as some had better quarters than others, some much more and heavier furniture, etc., while some had bulky and heavy goods for their personal benefit (such as William Mullen’s cases of “boots and shoes,” etc.), it is fair to assume that some schedule of rates for “tonnage,” if not for individuals, became necessary, to prevent complaints and to facilitate accounts. Winthrop credits Mr. Goffe—owner of two of the ships in 1630—as follows:—
“For
ninety-six passengers at L4, L384.
For
thirty-two tons of goods at L3 (per ton).
For
passage for a man, his wife and servant, (3 persons)
L16/10,
L5/10 each.”
Goodwin shows the cost of transportation at different times and under varying conditions. “The expense of securing and shipping Thos. Morton of ‘Merry Mount’ to England, was L12 7 0,” but just what proportion the passage money bore to the rest of the account, cannot now be told. The expense of Mr. Rogers, the young insane clergyman brought over by Isaac Allerton, without authority, was, for the voyage out: “For passage L1. For diet for eleven weeks at 4s. 8d. per week, total L3 11 4” [A rather longer passage than usual.] Constant Southworth came in the same ship and paid the same, L3 11 4, which may hence be assumed as the average charge, at that date, for a first-class passage. This does not vary greatly from the tariff of to-day, (1900) as, reduced to United States currency, it would be about $18; and allowing the value of sterling to be about four times this, in purchase ratio, it would mean about $73. The expenses of the thirty-five of the Leyden congregation who came over in the may-Flower in 1620, and of the others brought in the Lion in 1630, were slightly higher than these figures, but the cost of the trip from Leyden to England was included, with that of some clothing. In 1650, Judge Sewall, who as a wealthy man would be likely to indulge in some luxury, gives his outlay one way, as, “Fare, L2 3 0; cabin expenses, L4 11 4; total, L6 14 4.”
THE MAY-FLOWER—THE SHIP HERSELF
Unhappily the early chroniclers familiar with the may-Flower have left us neither representation nor general description of her, and but few data from which we may reconstruct her outlines and details for ourselves. Tradition chiefly determines her place in one of the few classes into which the merchant craft of her day were divided, her tonnage and service being almost the only other authentic indices to this class.
Bradford helps us to little more than the statement, that a vessel, which could have been no other, “was hired at London, being of burden about 9 score” [tons], while the same extraordinary silence, which we have noticed as to her name, exists as to her description, with Smith, Bradford, Winslow, Morton, and the other contemporaneous or early writers of Pilgrim history. Her hundred and eighty tons register indicates in general her size, and to some extent her probable model and rig.
Long search for a reliable, coetaneous picture of one of the larger ships of the merchant service of England, in the Pilgrim period, has been rewarded by the discovery of the excel lent “cut” of such a craft, taken from M. Blundeville’s “New and Necessarie Treatise of Navigation,” published early in the seventeenth century. Appearing in a work of so high character, published by so competent a navigator and critic, and (approximately) in the very time of the Pilgrim “exodus,” there can be no doubt that it quite correctly, if roughly and insufficiently, depicts the outlines, rig, and general cast of a vessel of the may-Flower type and time, as she appeared to those of that day, familiar therewith.
It gives us a ship corresponding, in the chief essentials, to that which careful study of the detail and minutiae of the meagre may-Flower history and its collaterals had already permitted the author and others to construct mentally, and one which confirms in general the conceptions wrought out by the best artists and students who have attempted to portray the historic ship herself.
Captain J. W. Collins, whose experience and labors in this relation are further alluded to, and whose opinion is entitled to respect, writes the author in this connection, as follows “The cut from Blundeville’s treatise, which was published more or less contemporaneously with the Mayflower, is, in my judgment, misleading, since it doubtless represents a ship of an earlier date, and is evidently [sic] reproduced from a representation on tapestry, of which examples are still to be seen (with similar ships) in England. The actual builder’s plans, reproduced by Admiral Paris, from drawings still preserved, of ships of the MAYFLOWER’S time, seem to me to offer more correct and conclusive data for accurately determining what the famous ship of the Pilgrim Fathers was like.”
Decidedly one of the larger and better vessels of the merchant class of her day, she presumably followed the prevalent lines of that class, no doubt correctly represented, in the main, by the few coeval pictures of such craft which have come down to us. No one can state with absolute authority, her exact rig, model, or dimensions; but there can be no question that all these are very closely determined from even the meagre data and the prints we possess, so nearly did the ships of each class correspond in their respective features in those days. There is a notable similarity in certain points of the may-Flower, as she has been represented by these different artists, which is evidence upon two points: first, that all delineators have been obliged to study the type of vessel to which she belonged from such representations of it as each could find, as neither picture nor description of the vessel herself was to be had; and second, that as the result of such independent study nearly all are substantially agreed as to what the salient features
Answering, as the may-Flower doubtless did, to her type, she was certainly of rather “blocky,” though not unshapely, build, with high poop and forecastle, broad of beam, short in the waist, low “between decks,” and modelled far more upon the lines of the great nautical prototype, the water-fowl, than the requirements of speed have permitted in the carrying trade of more recent years. That she was of the “square rig” of her time—when apparently no use was made of the “fore-and-aft” sails which have so wholly banished the former from all vessels of her size—goes without saying. She was too large for the lateen rig, so prevalent in the Mediterranean, except upon her mizzenmast, where it was no doubt employed.
The chief differences which appear in the several “counterfeit presentments” of the historic ship are in the number of her masts and the height of her poop and her forecastle. A few make her a brig or “snow” of the oldest pattern, while others depict her as a full-rigged ship, sometimes having the auxiliary rig of a small “jigger” or “dandy-mast,” with square or lateen sail, on peak of stern, or on the bow sprit, or both, though usually her mizzenmast is set well aft upon the poop. There is no reason for thinking that the former of these auxiliaries existed upon the may-Flower, though quite possible. Her 180 tons measurement indicates, by the general rule of the nautical construction of that period, a length of from 90 to 100 feet, “from taffrail to knighthead,” with about 24 feet beam, and with such a hull as this, three masts would be far more likely than two. The fact that she is always called a “ship”—to which name, as indicating a class, three masts technically attach—is also somewhat significant, though the term is often generically used. Mrs. Jane G. Austin calls the may-Flower a “brig,” but there does not appear anywhere any warrant for so doing.
At the Smithsonian Institution (National Museum) at Washington, D. C., there is exhibited a model of the may-Flower, constructed from the ratio of measurements given in connection with the sketch and working plans of a British ship of the merchant may-Flower class of the seventeenth century, as laid down by Admiral Francois Edmond Paris, of France, in his “Souvenirs de Marine.” The hull and rigging of this model were carefully worked out by, and under the supervision of Captain Joseph W. Collins (long in the service of the Smithsonian Institution, in nautical and kindred matters, and now a member of the Massachusetts Commission of Inland Fisheries and Game), but were calculated on the erroneous basis of a ship of 120 instead of 180 tons measurement. This model, which is upon a scale of 1/2 inch to 1 foot, bears a label designating it as “The ‘Mayflower’ of the Puritans” [sic], and giving the following description (written by Captain Collins) of such a vessel as the Pilgrim ship, if of 120 tons burthen, as figured from such data as that given by Admiral Paris, must, approximately, have been. (See photographs of the model presented herewith.) “A wooden, carvel-built, keel vessel, with full bluff bow, strongly raking below water line; raking curved stem; large open head; long round (nearly log-shaped) bottom; tumble in top side; short run; very large and high square stern; quarter galleries; high forecastle, square on forward end, with open rails on each side; open bulwarks to main [spar] and quarter-decks; a succession of three quarter-decks or poops, the after one being nearly 9 feet above main [spar] deck; two boats stowed on deck; ship-rigged, with pole masts [i.e. masts in one piece]; without jibs; square sprit sail (or water sail under bowsprit); two square sails on fore and main masts, and lateen sail on mizzenmast.”
Dimensions of Vessel. Length, over all, knightheads to taffrail, 82 feet; beam, 22 feet; depth, 14 feet; tonnage, 120; bowsprit, outboard, 40 feet 6 inches; spritsail yard, 34 feet 6 inches; foremast, main deck to top, 39 feet; total length, main [spar] deck to truck, 67 feet 6 inches; fore-yard, 47 feet 6 inches; foretopsail yard, 34 feet 1 2 inches; mainmast, deck to top, 46 feet; total, deck to truck, 81 feet; main yard, 53 feet; maintopsail yard, 38 feet 6 inches; mizzen mast, deck to top, 34 feet; total, deck to truck, 60 feet 6 inches; spanker yard, 54 feet 6 inches; boats, one on port side of deck, 17 feet long by 5 feet 2 inches wide; one on starboard side, 13 feet 6 inches long by 4 feet 9 inches wide. The above description “worked out” by Captain Collins, and in conformity to which his putative model of the “May Flower” was constructed, rests, of course, for its correctness, primarily, upon the assumptions (which there is no reason to question) that the “plates” of Admiral Paris, his sketches, working plans, dimensions, etc., are reliable, and that Captain Collins’s mathematics are correct, in reducing and applying the Admiral’s data to a ship of 120 tons. That there would be some considerable variance from the description given, in applying these data to a ship of 60 tons greater measurement (i.e. of 180 tons), goes without saying, though the changes would appear more largely in the hull dimensions than in the rigging. That the description given, and its expression in the model depicted, present, with considerable fidelity, a ship of the may-FLOWER’S class and type, in her day,—though of sixty tons less register, and amenable to changes otherwise,—is altogether probable, and taken together, they afford a fairly accurate idea of the general appearance of such a craft.
In addition to mention of the enlargements which the increased tonnage certainly entails, the following features of the description seem to call for remark.
It is doubtful whether the vessels of this class had “open bulwarks to the main [spar] deck,” or “a succession of three quarter-decks or poops.” Many models and prints of ships of that period and class show but two. It is probable that if the jib was absent, as Captain Collins believes (though it was evidently in use upon some of the pinnaces and shallops of the time, and its utility therefore appreciated), there was a small squaresail on a “dandy” mast on the bowsprit, and very possibly the “sprit” or “water-sail” he describes. The length of the vessel as given by Captain Collins, as well as her beam, being based on a measurement of but 120 tons, are both doubtless less than they should be, the depth probably also varying slightly, though there would very likely be but few and slight departures otherwise from his proximate figures. The long-boat would be more likely to be lashed across the hatch amidships than stowed on the port side of the deck, unless in use for stowage purposes, as previously
Like all vessels having high stems and sterns, she was unquestionably “a wet ship,”—upon this voyage especially so, as Bradford shows, from being overloaded, and hence lower than usual in the water. Captain John Smith says: “But being pestered [vexed] nine weeks in this leaking, unwholesome ship, lying wet in their cabins; most of them grew very weak and weary of the sea.” Bradford says, quoting the master of the may-Flower and others: “As for the decks and upper works they would caulk them as well as they could, . . . though with the working of the ship, they would not long keep staunch.” She was probably not an old craft, as her captain and others declared they “knew her to be strong and firm under water;” and the weakness of her upper works was doubtless due to the strain of her overload, in the heavy weather of the autumnal gales. Bradford says: “They met with many contrary winds and fierce storms with which their ship was shrewdly shaken and her upper works made very leaky.” That the confidence of her master in her soundness below the water-line was well placed, is additionally proven by her excellent voyages to America, already noted, in 1629, and 1630, when she was ten years older.
That she was somewhat “blocky” above water was doubtless true of her, as of most of her class; but that she was not unshapely below the water-line is quite certain, for the re markable return passage she made to England (in ballast) shows that her lower lines must have been good. She made the run from Plymouth to London on her return voyage in just thirty-one days, a passage that even with the “clipper ships” of later days would have been respectable, and for a vessel of her model and rig was exceptionally good. She was “light” (in ballast), as we know from the correspondence of Weston and Bradford, the letter of the former to Governor Carver—who died before it was received—upbraiding him for sending her home “empty.” The terrible sickness and mortality of the whole company, afloat and ashore, had, of course, made it impossible to freight her as intended with “clapboards” [stave-stock], sassafras roots, peltry, etc. No vessels of her class of that day were without the high poop and its cabin possibilities,—admirably adapting them to passenger service,—and the larger had the high and roomy topgallant forecastles so necessary for their larger crews. The breadth of beam was always considerably greater in that day than earlier, or until much later, necessitated by the proportionately greater height ("topsides"), above water, at stem and stern. The encroachments of her high poop and forecastle left but short waist-room; her waist-ribs limited the height of her “between decks;” while the “perked up” lines of her bow and stern produced the resemblance noted, to the croup and neck of the wild duck. That she was low “between decks” is demonstrated by the fact that it was necessary to “cut down” the Pilgrims’ shallop—an open sloop, of certainly not over 30 feet in length, some 10 tons burden, and not very high “freeboard”—“to stow” her under the may-FLOWER’S spar deck. That she was “square-rigged” follows, as noted, from the fact that it was the only rig in use for ships of her class and size, and that she had “topsails” is shown by the fact that the “top-saile halliards” were pitched over board with John Howland, and saved his life. Bradford says: “A lustie yonge man (called John Howland) coming upon some occasion above ye grattings, was with a seele of ye shipe throwne into ye sea: but it pleased God yt he caught hould of ye top-saile halliards which hunge over board & rane out at length yet he held his hould . . . till he was haled up,” etc. Howland had evidently just come from below upon the poop-deck (as there would be no “grattings” open in the waist to receive the heavy seas shipped). The ship was clearly experiencing “heavy weather” and a great lurch ("seele”) which at the stern, and on the high, swinging, tilting poop-deck would be most severely felt, undoubtedly tossed him over the rail. The topsail halliards were probably trailing alongside and saved him, as they have others under like circumstances.
Whether or not the may-Flower had the “round house” under her poop-deck, —–a sort of circular-end deck-house, more especially the quarters, by day, of the officers and favored passengers; common, but apparently not universal, in vessels of her class,—we have no positive knowledge, but the presumption is that she had, as passenger ships like the Paragon (of only 140 tons), and others of less tonnage, seem to have been so fitted!
It is plain that, in addition to the larger cabin space and the smaller cabins,—“staterooms,” nowadays,—common to ships of the may-FLOWER’S size and class, the large number of her passengers, and especially of women and children, made it necessary to construct other cabins between decks. Whether these were put up at London, or Southampton, or after the SPEEDWELL’S additional passengers were taken aboard at Plymouth, does not appear. The great majority of the men and boys were doubtless provided with bunks only, “between decks,” but it seems that John Billington had a cabin there. Bradford narrates of the gunpowder escapade of young Francis Billington, that, “there being a fowling-piece, charged in his father’s cabin [though why so inferior a person as Billington should have a cabin when there could not have been enough for better men, is a query], shot her off in the cabin, there being a little barrel of powder half-full scattered in and about the cabin, the fire being within four feet of the bed, between the decks, . . . and many people gathered about the fire,” etc.
Whatever other deductions may be drawn from this very badly constructed and ambiguous paragraph of Bradford, two things appear certain,—one, that Billington had a “cabin” of his own “between decks;” and the other, that there was a “fire between decks,” which “many people” were gathered “about.” We can quite forgive the young scamp for the jeopardy in which he placed the ship and her company, since it resulted in giving us so much data concerning the may-FLOWER’S “interior.” Captain John Smith’s remark, already quoted, as to the may-FLOWER’S people “lying wet in their cabins,” is a hint of much value from an experienced navigator of that time, as to the “interior” construction of ships and the bestowal of passengers in them, in that day, doubtless applicable to the may-Flower.
While it was feasible, when lying quietly at anchor in a land-locked harbor, with abundance of fire-wood at hand, to have a fire, about which they could gather, even if only upon the “sand-hearth” of the early navigators, when upon boisterous seas, in mid-ocean, “lying . . . in their cabins” was the only means of keeping warm possible to voyagers. In “Good Newes from New England,” we find the lines:—
“Close
cabins being now prepared,
With
bred, bief, beire, and fish,
The
passengers prepare themselves,
That
they might have their wish.”
Her magazine, carpenter’s and sailmaker’s lockers, etc., were doubtless well forward under her forecastle, easily accessible from the spar-deck, as was common to merchant vessels of her class and size. Dr. Young, in his “Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers” (p. 86, note), says: “This vessel was less than the average size of the fishing-smacks that go to the Grand Banks. This seems a frail bark in which to cross a stormy ocean of three thousand miles in extent. Yet it should be remembered that two of the ships of Columbus on his first daring and perilous voyage of discovery, were light vessels, without decks, little superior to the small craft that ply on our rivers and along our coasts . . . . Frobisher’s fleet consisted of two barks of twenty-five tons each and a pinnace of ten tons, when he sailed in 1576 to discover a north-west passage to the Indies. Sir Francis Drake, too, embarked on his voyage for circumnavigating the globe, in 1577, with five vessels, of which the largest was of one hundred, and the smallest fifteen tons. The bark in which Sir Humphrey Gilbert perished was of ten tons only.” The little James, which the Company sent to Plymouth in July, 1623, was “a pinnace of only forty-four tons,” and in a vessel of fifty tons (the Speedwell), Martin Pring, in 1603, coasted along the shores of New England. Goodwin says: “In 1587 there were not in all England’s fleet more than five merchant vessels exceeding two hundred tons.” The Sparrow-Hawk wrecked on Cape Cod in 1626 was only 40 feet “over all.” The Dutch seem to have built larger vessels. Winthrop records that as they came down the Channel, on their way to New England (1630), they passed the wreck of “a great Dutch merchantman of a thousand tons.”
The may-FLOWER’S galley, with its primitive conditions for cooking, existed rather as a place for the preparation of food and the keeping of utensils, than for the use of fire. The arrangements for the latter were exceedingly crude, and were limited to the open “hearth-box” filled with sand, the chief cooking appliance being the tripod-kettle of the early navigators: This might indeed be set up in any part of the ship where the “sand-hearth” could also go, and the smoke be cared for. It not infrequently found space in the fore castle, between decks, and, when fine weather prevailed, upon the open deck, as in the open caravels of Columbus, a hundred years before. The bake-kettle and the frying-pan held only less important places than the kettle for boiling. It must have been rather a burst of the imagination that led Mrs. Austin, in “Standish of Standish,” to make Peter Browne remind poor half-frozen Goodman—whom he is urging to make an effort to reach home, when they had been lost, but had got in sight of the may-Flower In the harbor—of “the good fires aboard of her.” Moreover, on January 22, when Goodman was lost, the company had occupied their
The inference is warranted that the may-Flower, being three times as large, would carry a considerably heavier and proportionate armament. The lady ARBELLA, Winthrop’s ship, a vessel of 350 tons, carried “twenty-eight pieces of ordnance;” but as “Admiral” of the fleet, at a time when there was a state of war with others, and much piracy, she would presumably mount more than a proportionate weight of metal, especially as she convoyed smaller and lightly armed vessels, and carried much value. There is no reason to suppose that the may-Flower, in her excessively crowded condition, mounted more than eight or ten guns, and these chiefly of small calibre. Her boats included her “long-boat,” with which the experience of her company in “Cape Cod harbor” have made us familiar, and perhaps other smaller boats,—besides the Master’s “skiff” or “gig,” of whose existence and necessity there are numerous proofs. “Monday the 27,” Bradford and Winslow state, “it proved rough weather and cross winds, so as we were constrained, some in the shallop and others in the long-boat,” etc. Bradford states, in regard to the repeated springings-a-leak of the Speedwell: “So the Master of the bigger ship, called Master Jones, being consulted with;” and again, “The Master of the small ship complained his ship was so leaky . . . so they [Masters Jones and Reynolds] came to consultation, again,” etc. It is evident that Jones was obliged to visit the Speedwell to inspect her and to consult with the leaders, who were aboard her. For this purpose, as for others, a smaller boat than the “long-boat” would often serve, while the number of passengers and crew aboard would seem to demand still other boats. Winthrop notices that their Captain (Melborne) frequently “had his skiff heaved out,” in the course of their voyage. The Master’s small boat, called the “skiff” or “gig,” was, no doubt, stowed (lashed) in the waist of the ship, while the “long-boat” was probably lashed on deck forward, being hoisted out and in, as the practice of those days was, by “whips,”
The compass-box and hanging-compass, invented by the English cleric, William Barlow, but twelve years before the Pilgrim voyage, was almost the only nautical appliance possessed by Captain Jones, of the may-Flower, in which no radical improvement has since been made. Few charts of much value—especially of western waters—had yet been drafted, but the rough maps and diagrams of Cabot, Smith, Gosnold, Pring, Champlain and Dermer, Jones was too good a navigator not to have had. In speaking of the landing at Cape Cod, the expression is used by Bradford in “Mourt’s Relation,” “We went round all points of the compass,” proving that already the mariner’s compass had become familiar to the speech even of those not using it professionally.
That the ship was “well-found” in anchors (with solid stocks), hemp cables, “spare” spars, “boat-tackling” and the heavy “hoisting-gear” of those days, we have the evidence of recorded use. “The may-Flower,” writes Captain Collins, would have had a hemp cable about 9 inches in circumference. Her anchors would probably weigh as follows: sheet anchor (or best bower) 500 to 600 lbs.; stream anchor 350 to 400 lbs.; the spare anchors same as the stream anchor.
“Charnock’s Illustrations” show that the anchors used in the may-Flower period were shaped very much like the so called Cape Ann anchor now made for our deep-sea fishing vessels. They had the conventional shaped flukes, with broad pointed palms, and a long shank, the upper end passing through a wooden stock. [Tory shows in his diagrams some of the anchors of that period with the space between the shank and flukes nearly filled up in the lower part with metal.] Such an anchor has the maximum of holding powers, and bearing in mind the elasticity of the hemp cables then used, would enable a vessel to ride safely even when exposed to heavy winds and a racing sea: There is no doubt, according to the British Admiralty Office,—which should be authority upon the matter, —that the flag under which the may-Flower, and all other vessels of the merchant marine of Great Britain, sailed, at the time she left England (as noted concerning the Speedwell), was what became known as the “Union Jack,” as decreed by James the First, in 1606, supplanting the English ensign, which had been the red cross of St. George upon a white field. The new flag resulted from the “union” of the crowns and kingdoms of England and Scotland, upon the accession of James VI. of Scotland to the English throne, as James I. of England, upon the death of queen Elizabeth. Its design was formed by superimposing the red cross of St. George upon the white cross of St. Andrew, on a dark blue field; in other words, by imposing the cross of St. George, taken from the English ensign, upon the Scotch flag, and creating there by the new flag of Great Britain.
In a little monograph on “The British Flag—Its Origin and History,” a paper read by its author, Jona. F. Morris, Esq., before the Connecticut Historical Society, June 7, 1881, and reprinted at Hartford (1889), Mr. Morris, who has made much study of the matter, states (p. 4): “In 1603, James VI. of Scotland was crowned James I. of England. The Scots, in their pride that they had given a king to England, soon began to contend that the cross of St. Andrew should take precedence of the cross of St. George, that ships bearing the flag of the latter should salute that of St. Andrew. To allay the contention, the King, on the 12th of April, 1606, ordered that all subjects of Great Britain travelling by sea shall bear at the maintop the red cross of St. George and the white cross, commonly called the cross of St. Andrew, joined together according to a form made by his heralds besides this all vessels belonging to South Britain or England might wear the cross of St. George at the peak or fore, as they were wont, and all vessels belonging to North Britain or Scotland might wear the cross of St. Andrew at the fore top, as they had been accustomed; and all vessels were for bidden to wear any other flag at their peril. The new flag thus designed by the heralds and proclaimed by this order was called the ‘King’s Colors.’
In even the little we know of the later history of the ship, one cannot always be quite sure of her identity in the records of vessels of her name, of which there have been many. Dr. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, of Boston, says that “a vessel bearing this name was owned in England about fifteen years or more before the voyage of our forefathers, but it would be impossible to prove or disprove its identity with the renowned may-Flower, however great such a probability might be. It is known, nevertheless, that—the identical famous vessel afterwards hailed from various English ports, such as London, Yarmouth, and Southampton, and that it was much used in transporting immigrants to this country. What eventually became of it and what was the end of its career, are equally unknown to history.” Goodwin says: “It does not appear that the may-Flower ever revisited Plymouth, but in 1629 she came to Salem,” with a company of the Leyden people for Plymouth, under command of Captain William Peirce, the warm friend of the Pilgrims, and in 1630 was one of the large fleet that attended John Winthrop, under a different master, discharging her passengers at Charlestown. Nothing is certainly known of her after that time. In 1648 a ship [hereinafter mentioned by Hunter] named the may-Flower was engaged in the slave trade, and the ill-informed as well as the ill-disposed have sometimes sneeringly alleged that this was our historic ship; but it is ascertained that the slaver was a vessel of three hundred and fifty tons,—nearly twice the size of our ship of happy memory. In 1588 the officials of Lynn (England) offered the “May-Flower” (150 tons) to join the fleet against the dreaded Spanish Armada. In 1657, Samuel Vassall, of London, complained that the government had twice impressed his ship, may-Flower, which he had “fitted out with sixty men, for the Straits.” Rev. Joseph Hunter, author of “The Founders of New Plymouth,” one
Later in the century we find a may-Flower of Ipswich, and another of Newcastle in 1618; a may-Flower of York in 1621; a may-Flower of Scarborough in 1630, Robert Hadock the master; a may-Flower of Sandwich the same year, John Oliver the master; a may-Flower of Dover, 1633, Walter Finnis, master, in which two sons of the Earl of Berkshire crossed to Calais. “Which of these was the vessell which carried over the precious [Pilgrim] freight cannot perhaps be told [apparently neither, unless perhaps the may-Flower of Yarmouth of 1593, in which case her tonnage is incorrectly given], but we learn from Mr. Sherley’s letter to Governor Bradford’ that the same vessel was employed in 1629 in passing between the two countries, a company of the church at Leyden, who had joined in the first emigration, intending to pass in it to America; and in the same author we find that the vessel arrived in the harbour of Charlestown [N. E.] on July 1, 1630. There was a may-Flower which, in 1648, gained an unenviable notoriety as a slaver. But this was not the may-Flower which had carried over the first settlers, it being a vessel Of 350 tons, while the genuine may-Flower was of only 180 tons.” Of the first of her two known visits, after her voyage with the Pilgrim company from Leyden, Goodwin says: “In August, 1629, the renowned may-Flower came
October 6, 1652, “Thomas Webber, Mr. of the good shipp called the Mayflower of the burden of Two hundred Tuns or there abouts . . . . Rideing at Ancor in the Harber of Boston,” sold one-sixteenth of the ship “for good & valluable Consideracons to Mr. John Pinchon of Springfield Mrchant.” The next day, October 7, 1652, the same “Thomas Webber, Mr, of the good Shipp called the may Flower of Boston in New England now bound for the barbadoes and thence to London,” acknowledges an indebtedness to Theodore Atkinson, a wealthy “hatter, felt-maker,” and merchant of Boston, and the same day (October 7, 1652), the said “Thomas Webber, Mr. of the good shipp called the may Flower of the burthen of Two hundred tuns or thereabouts,” sold “unto Theodore Atkinson felt-maker one-sixteenth part as well of said Shipp as of all & singular her masts Sails Sail-yards Ancors Cables Ropes Cords Gunns Gunpowder Shott Artillery Tackle Munition apparrell boate skiffe and furniture
THE OFFICERS AND CREW OF THE MAYFLOWER
The officers and crew of the may-Flower were obviously important factors in the success of the Pilgrim undertaking, and it is of interest to know what we may concerning them. We have seen that the “pilot,” John Clarke, was employed by Weston and Cushman, even before the vessel upon which he was to serve had been found, and he had hence the distinction of being the first man “shipped” of the may-FLOWER’S complement. It is evident that he was promptly hired on its being known that he had recently returned from a voyage to Virginia in the cattle-ship Falcon, as certain to be of value in the colonists’ undertakings.
Knowing that the Adventurers’ agents were seeking both a ship and a master for her, it was the natural thing for the latter, that he should propose the Captain under whom he had last sailed, on much the same voyage as that now contemplated. It is an interesting fact that something of the uncertainty which for a time existed as to the names and features of the Pilgrim barks attaches the names and identity of their respective commanders. The “given” name of “Master” Reynolds, “pilott” and “Master” of the speed well, does not appear, but the assertion of Professor Arber, though positive enough, that “the Christian name of the Captain of the may-Flower is not known,” is not accepted by other authorities in Pilgrim history, though it is true that it does not find mention in the contemporaneous accounts of the Pilgrim ship and her voyage.
There is no room for doubt that the Captain of the Falcon—whose release from arrest while under charge of piracy the Earl of Warwick procured, that he might take command of the above-named cattle-ship on her voyage to Virginia, as hereinafter shown—was Thomas Jones. The identity of this man and “Master Jones” who assumed command of the may-Flower—with the former mate of the Falcon, John Clarke, as his first officer—is abundantly certified by circumstantial evidence of the strongest kind, as is also the fact that he commanded the ship discovery a little later.
With the powerful backing of such interested friends as the Earl of Warwick and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, undoubtedly already in league with Thomas Weston, who probably made the contract with Jones, as he had with Clarke, the suggestion of the latter as to the competency and availability of his late commander would be sure of prompt approval, and thus, in all probability, Captain Thomas Jones, who finds his chief place in history—and a most important one—as Master of the may-Flower, came to that service.
In 1619, as appears by Neill, the Virginia Company had one John Clarke in Ireland, “buying cattle for Virginia.” We know that Captain Jones soon sailed for Virginia with cattle, in the Falcon, of 150 tons, and as this was the only cattle ship in a long period, we can very certainly identify Clarke as the newly-hired mate of the may-Flower, who, Cush man says (letter of June 11/21, 1620), “went last year to Virginia with a ship of kine.” As 1620 did not begin until March 25, a ship sailing in February would have gone out in 1619, and Jones and Clarke could easily have made the voyage in time to engage for the may-Flower in the following June. “Six months after Jones’s trip in the latter” (i.e. after his return from the Pilgrim voyage), Neill says, “he took the discovery (60 tons) to Virginia, and then northward, trading along the coast. The Council for New England complained of him to the Virginia Company for robbing the natives on this voyage. He stopped at Plymouth (1622), and, taking advantage of the distress for food he found there, was extortionate in his prices. In July, 1625, he appeared at Jamestown, Virginia, in possession of a Spanish frigate, which he said had been captured by one Powell, under a Dutch commission, but it was thought a resumption of his old buccaneering practices. Before investigation he sickened and died.”
That Jones was a man of large experience, and fully competent in his profession, is beyond dispute. His disposition, character, and deeds have been the subject of much discussion. By most writers he is held to have been a man of coarse, “unsympathetic” nature, “a rough sea-dog,” capable of good feeling and kindly impulses at times, but neither governed by them nor by principle. That he was a “highwayman of the seas,” a buccaneer and pirate, guilty of blood for gold, there can be no doubt. Certainly nothing could justify the estimate of him given by Professor Arber, that “he was both fair-minded and friendly toward the Pilgrim Fathers,” and he certainly stands alone among writers of reputation in that opinion. Jones’s selfishness,
[Bradford himself—whose authority in the matter will not be doubted—says (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 112): “As this calamitie, the general sickness, fell among ye passengers that were to be left here to plant, and were basted ashore and made to drinke water, that the sea-men might have ye more bear [beer] and one in his sickness desiring but a small can of beare it was answered that if he were their own father he should have none.” Bradford also shows (op. cit. p. 153) the rapacity of Jones, when in command of the discovery, in his extortionate demands upon the Plymouth planters, notwithstanding their necessities.]
threats, boorishness, and extortion, to say nothing of his exceedingly bad record as a pirate, both in East and West Indian waters, compel a far different estimate of him as a man, from that of Arber, however excellent he was as a mariner. Professor Arber dissents from Goodwin’s conclusion that Captain Jones of the discovery was the former Master of the may-Flower, but the reasons of his dissent are by no means convincing. He argues that Jones would not have accepted the command of a vessel so much smaller than his last, the discovery being only one third the size of the may-Flower. Master-mariners, particularly when just returned from long and unsuccessful voyages, especially if in bad repute,—as was Jones, —are obliged to take such employment as offers, and are often glad to get a ship much smaller than their last, rather than remain idle. Moreover, in Jones’s case, if, as appears, he was inclined to buccaneering, the smaller ship would serve his purpose—as it seems it did satisfactorily. Nor is the fact that Bradford speaks of him—although previously so well acquainted—as “one Captain Jones,” to be taken as evidence, as Arber thinks, that the Master of the discovery was some other of the name. Bradford was writing history, and his thought just then was the especial Providence of God in the timely relief afforded their necessities by the arrival of the ships with food, without regard to the individuals who brought it, or the fact that one was an acquaintance of former years. On the other hand, Winslow—in his “Good Newes from New England” —records the arrival of the two ships in August, 1622, and says, “the one as I take [recollect] it, was called the discovery, Captain Jones having command thereof,” which on the same line of argument as Arber’s might be read, “our old acquaintance Captain Jones, you know”! If the expression of Bradford makes against its being Captain Jones, formerly of the may-Flower, Winslow’s certainly makes quite as much for it, while the fact which Winslow recites, viz. that the discovery, under Jones, was sailing as consort to the Sparrow, a ship of Thomas Weston,—who employed him for the may-Flower, was linked with him in the Gorges conspiracy, and had become nearly as degenerate
The question of Jones’s duplicity and fraud, in bringing the Pilgrims to land at Cape Cod instead of the “neighbor-hood of Hudson’s River,” has been much mooted and with much diversity of opinion, but in the light of the subjoined evidence and considerations it seems well-nigh impossible to acquit him of the crime—for such it was, in inception, nature, and results, however overruled for good.
The specific statements of Bradford and others leave no room for doubt that the may-Flower Pilgrims fully intended to make their settlement somewhere in the region of the mouth of “Hudson’s River.” Morton states in terms that Captain Jones’s “engagement was to Hudson’s River.” Presumably, as heretofore noted, the stipulation of his charter party required that he should complete his outward voyage in that general locality. The northern limits of the patents granted in the Pilgrim interest, whether that of John Wincob (or Wincop) sealed June 9/ 19, 1619, but never used, or the first one to John Pierce, of February 2/12, 1620, were, of course, brought within the limits of the First (London) Virginia Company’s charter, which embraced, as is well-known, the territory between the parallels of 34 deg. and 41 deg. N. latitude. The most northerly of these parallels runs but about twenty miles to the north of the mouth of “Hudson’s River.” It is certain that the Pilgrims, after the great expense, labor, and pains of three years, to secure the protection of these Patents, would not willingly or deliberately, have planted themselves outside that protection, upon territory where they had none, and where, as interlopers, they might reasonably expect trouble with the lawful proprietors. Nor was there any reason why, if they so desired, they should not have gone to “Hudson’s River” or its vicinity, unless it was that they had once seemed to recognize the States General of
In view of the high opinion of the Leyden brethren, entertained, as we know, by the Dutch, it is clear that the latter would have been pleased to secure them as colonists; while if at all confident of their rights to the territory, they must have been anxious to colonize it and thus confirm their hold, increase their revenues as speedily as possible, and
Third, because it appears upon the showing of the petition itself, made by the New Netherland Company (to which the Leyden leaders had looked, doubtless on account of its pretensions, for the authority and protection of the States General, as they afterward did to the English Virginia Company for British protection), that this Company had lost its own charter by expiration, and hence had absolutely nothing to offer the Leyden people beyond the personal and associate influence of its members, and the prestige of a name that had once been potential. In fact, the New Netherland Company was using the Leyden congregation as a leverage to pry for itself from the States General new advantages, larger than it had previously enjoyed.
Moreover it appears by the evidence of both the petition of the Directors of the New Netherland Company to the Prince of Orange (February 2/12, 1619/20), and the letters of Sir Dudley Carleton, the British ambassador at the Hague, to the English Privy Council, dated February 5/15, 1621/22, that, up to this latter date the Dutch had established no colony
[British State Papers, Holland, Bundle 165. Sir Dudley Carleton’s Letters. “They have certain Factors there, continually resident, trading with savages . . . but I cannot learn of any colony, either I already planted there by these people, or so much as intended.” Sir Dudley Carleton’s Letters.]
on the territory claimed by them at the Hudson, and had no other representation there than the trading-post of a commercial company whose charter had expired. There can be no doubt that the Leyden leaders knew, from their dealings with the New Netherland Company, and the study of the whole problem which they evidently made, that this region was open to them or any other parties for habitation and trade, so far as any prior grants or charters under the Dutch were concerned, but they required more than this.
To Englishmen, the English claim to the territory at “Hudson’s River” was valid, by virtue of the discovery of the Cabots, under the law of nations as then recognized, not withstanding Hudson’s more particular explorations of those parts in 1609, in the service of Holland, especially as no colony or permanent occupancy of the region by the Dutch had been made.
Professor John Fiske shows that “it was not until the Protestant England of Elizabeth had come to a life-and-death grapple with Spain, and not until the discovery of America had advanced much nearer completion, so that its value began to be more correctly understood, that political and commercial motives combined in determining England to attack Spain through America, and to deprive her of supremacy in the colonial and maritime world. Then the voyages of the Cabots assumed an importance entirely new, and could be quoted as the basis of a prior claim on the part of the English Crown, to lands which it [through the Cabots] had discovered.”
Having in mind the terrible history of slaughter and reprisal between the Spanish and French (Huguenot) settlers in Florida in 1565-67,
[Bancroft, History of the United States, vol. i. p. 68; Fiske, Discovery of America, vol. ii. p. 511 et seq. With the terrible experience of the Florida plantations in memory, the far-sighted leaders of the Leyden church proposed to plant under the shelter of an arm strong enough to protect them, and we find the Directors of the New Netherland Company stating that the Leyden party (the Pilgrims) can be induced to settle under Dutch auspices, “provided, they would be guarded and preserved from all violence on the part of other potentates, by the authority, and under the protection of your Princely Excellency and the High and Mighty States General.” Petition of the Directors of the New Netherland Company to the Prince of Orange.]
the Pilgrims recognized the need of a strong power behind them, under whose aegis they might safely plant, and by virtue of whose might and right they could hope to keep their lives and possessions. The King of England had, in 1606, granted charters to the two Virginia Companies, covering all the territory in dispute, and, there could be no doubt, would protect these grants and British proprietorship therein, against all comers. Indeed, the King (James I.) by letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, his ambassador at the Hague, under date of December 15, 1621, expressly claimed his rights in the New Netherland territory and instructed him to impress upon the government of the States General his Majesty’s claim,—“who, ‘jure prime occupation’ hath good and sufficient title to these parts.” There can be no question that the overtures of Sandys, Weston, and others to make interest for them with one of these English Companies, agreed as well with both the preferences and convictions of the Leyden Pilgrims, as they did with the hopes and designs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges.
The Dutch trading-companies, who were the only parties in the Low Countries who could possibly have had any motive for such a conspiracy, were at this time themselves without charters, and the overtures of the principal company, made to the government in behalf of themselves and the Leyden brethren, had recently, as we have seen, been twice rejected. They had apparently, therefore, little to hope for in the near future; certainly not enough to warrant expenditure and the risk of disgraceful exposure, in negotiations with a stranger—an obscure ship-master—to change his course and land his passengers in violation of the terms of his charter-party;—negotiations, moreover, in which neither of the parties could well have had any guaranty of the other’s good faith.
But, as previously asserted, there was a party—to whom such knavery was an ordinary affair—who had ample motive, and of whom Master Thomas Jones was already the very willing and subservient ally and tool, and had been such for years. Singularly enough, the motive governing this party was exactly the reverse of that attributed—though illogically and without reason—to the Dutch. In the case of the latter, the alleged animus was a desire to keep the Pilgrim planters away from their “Hudson’s River” domain. In the case of the real conspirators, the purpose was to secure these planters as colonists for, and bring them to, the more northern territory owned by them. It is well known that Sir Ferdinando Gorges was the leading spirit of the “Second Virginia Company,” as he also became (with the Earl of Warwick a close second) of “The Council for the Affairs of New England,” of which both men were made “Governors,” in November of 1620, when the Council practically superseded the “Second Virginia Company.” The Great Charter for “The Council of Affairs of New England,” commonly known as “The Council for New England,” issued Tuesday, November 3/13, 1620, and it held in force till Sunday, June 7/17, 1635.
Although not its official head, and ranked at its board by dukes and earls, Sir Ferdinando Gorges was—as he had been in the old Plymouth (or Second) Virginia Company—the leading man. This was largely from his superior acquaintance with, and long and varied experience in, New England affairs. The “Council” was composed of forty patentees, and Baxter truly states, that “Sir Ferdinando Gorges, at this time [1621] stood at the head of the Council for New England, so far as influence went; in fact, his hand shaped its affairs.” This company, holding—by the division of territory made under the original charter-grants—a strip of territory one hundred miles wide, on the North American coast, between the parallels of 41 deg. and 45 deg. N. latitude, had not prospered, and its efforts at colonization (on what is now the Maine coast), in 1607 and later, had proved abortive, largely through the character of its “settlers,” who had been, in good degree, a somewhat notable mixture of two of the worst elements of society,—convicts and broken-down “gentlemen.”
“In 1607,” says Goodwin, “Gorges and the cruel Judge Popham planted a colony at Phillipsburg (or Sagadahoc, as is supposed), by the mouth of the Kennebec. Two ships came, ‘the gift of god’ and the ‘Mary and John,’ bringing a hundred persons. Through August they found all delightful, but when the ships went back in December, fifty five of the number returned to England, weary of their experience and fearful of the cold .... With spring the ships returned from England; “but by this time the remainder were ready to leave,” so every soul returned with Gilbert [the Admiral] . . . . For thirty years Gorges continued to push exploration and emigration to that region, but his ambition and liberality ever resulted in disappointment and loss.” The annals of the time show that not a few of the Sagadahoc colonists were convicts, released from the English jails to people this colony.
Hakluyt says: “In 1607 [this should read 1608], disheartened by the death of Popham, they all embarked in a ship from Exeter and in the new pynnace, the ‘Virginia,’ built in the colony, and sett sail for England, and this was the end of that northern colony upon the river Sachadehoc [Kennebec].”
No one knew better than the shrewd Gorges the value of such a colony as that of the Leyden brethren would be, to plant, populate, and develop his Company’s great demesne. None were more facile than himself and the buccaneering Earl of Warwick, to plan and execute the bold, but—as it proved—easy coup, by which the Pilgrim colony was to be stolen bodily; for the benefit of the “Second Virginia Company” and its successor, “the Council for New England,” from the “First (or London) Company,” under whose patent (to John Pierce) and patronage they sailed. They apparently did not take their patent with them,—it would have been worthless if they had,—and they
The Earl of Warwick, the man of highest social and political rank in the First (or London) Virginia Company, was, at about the same time, induced by Gorges to abandon his (the London) Company and unite with himself in securing from the Crown the charter of the “Council of Affairs for New England.” The only inducements he could offer for the change must apparently have resided in the promised large results of plottings disclosed by him (Gorges), but he needed the influential and unscrupulous Earl for the promotion of his schemes,
That Weston was a most pliant and efficient tool in the hands of Gorges, “from start to finish” of this undertaking, is certainly apparent. Whether he was, from the outset, made fully aware of the sinister designs of the chief conspirator, and a party to them, admits of some doubt, though the conviction strengthens with study, that he was, from the beginning, ‘particeps criminis’. If he was ever single-minded for the welfare of the Leyden brethren and the Adventurers, it must have been for a very brief time at the inception of the enterprise; and circumstances seem to forbid crediting him with honesty of purpose, even then. The weight of evidence indicates that he both knew, and was fully enlisted in, the entire plot of Gorges from the outset. In all its early stages he was its most efficient promoter, and seems to have given ample proof of his compliant zeal in its execution. His visit to the Leyden brethren in Holland was, apparently, wholly instigated by Gorges, as the latter complacently claims and collateral evidence proves. In his endeavor to induce the leaders to “break off with the Dutch,” their pending negotiations for settlement at “Hudson’s River,” he evidently made capital of, and traded upon, his former kindness to some of them when they were in straits,—a most contemptible thing in itself, yet characteristic of the man. He led the Pilgrims to “break off” their dealings with the Dutch by the largest and most positive promises of greater advantages through him, few of which he ever voluntarily kept (as we see by John Robinson’s sharp arraignment of him), his whole object being apparently to get the Leyden party into his control and that of his friends,—the most subtle and able of whom was Gorges. Bradford recites that Weston not only urged the Leyden leaders “not to meddle with ye Dutch,” but also,—“not too much to depend on ye Virginia [London] Company,” but to rely on himself and his friends. This strongly suggests active cooperation with Gorges, on Weston’s part, at the outset, with the intent (if he could win them by any means, from allegiance to the First (London) Virginia Company), to lead the Leyden party, if possible, into Gorges’s hands and under the control and patronage of the Second (or Plymouth) Virginia Company. Whatever the date may have been, at which (as Bradford states) the Leyden people “heard, both by Mr. Weston and others, yt sundrie Honble: Lords had obtained a large grante from ye king for ye more northerly parts of that countrie, derived out of ye Virginia patents, and wholly secluded from theire Governmente, and to
The known facts favor the belief that Gorges’s cogitations on colonial matters—especially as stimulated by his plottings in relation to the Leyden people—led to his project of the grant—and charter for the new “Council for New England,” designed and constituted to supplant, or override, all others. It is highly probable that this grand scheme —duly embellished by the crafty Gorges,—being unfolded to Weston, with suggestions of great opportunities for Weston himself therein, warmed and drew him, and brought him to full and zealous cooperation in all Gorges’s plans, and that from this time, as Bradford states, he “begane to incline” toward, and to suggest to the Pilgrims, association with Gorges and the new “Council.” Not daring openly to declare his change of allegiance and his perfidy, he undertook, apparently, at first, by suggestions,
Once the colonists were landed upon the American soil, especially if late in the season, they would not be likely, it doubtless was argued, to remove; while by a liberal policy on the part of the “Council for New England” toward them—when they discovered that they were upon its territory—they could probably be retained. That just such a policy was, at once and eagerly, adopted toward them, as soon as occasion permitted, is good proof that the scheme was thoroughly matured from the start. The record of the action of the “Council for New England”—which had become the successor of the Second Virginia Company before intelligence was received that the Pilgrims had landed on its domain—is not at hand, but it appears by the record of the London Company, under date of Monday, July 16/26, 1621, that the “Council for New England” had promptly made itself agreeable to the colonists. The record reads: “It was moved, seeing that Master John Pierce had taken a Patent of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and thereupon seated his Company [the Pilgrims] within the limits of the Northern Plantations, as by some was supposed,"’ etc. From this it is plain that, on receipt by Pierce of the news that the colony was landed within the limits of the “Council for New England,” he had, as instructed, applied for, and been given (June 1, 1621), the (first) “Council” patent for the colony. For confirmation hereof one should see also the minutes of the “Council for New England” of March 25/April 4., 1623, and the fulsome letter of Robert Cushman returning thanks in behalf of the Planters (through John Pierce), to Gorges, for his prompt response to their request for a patent and for his general complacency toward them Hon. James Phinney Baxter, Gorges’s able and faithful biographer, says: “We can imagine with what alacrity he [Sir Ferdinando] hastened to give to Pierce a patent in their behalf.” The same biographer, clearly unconscious of the well-laid plot of Gorges and Warwick (as all other writers but Neill and Davis have been), bears testimony (all the stronger because the witness is unwitting of the intrigue), to the ardent interest Gorges had in its success. He says: “The warm desire of Sir Ferdinando Gorges to
Let us see upon what the assumption of this ready and certain accord on the part of Captain Jones rests. Rev. Dr. Neill, whose thorough study of the records of the Virginia Companies, and of the East India Company Calendars and collateral data, entitles him to speak with authority, recites that, “In 1617, Capt. Thomas Jones (sometimes spelled Joanes) had been sent to the East Indies in command of the ship Lion by the Earl of Warwick (then Sir Robt. Rich), under a letter of protection from the Duke of Savoy, a foreign prince, ostensibly ‘to take pirates,’ which [pretext] had grown, as Sir Thomas Roe (the English ambassador with the Great Mogul) states, ‘to be a common pretence for becoming pirate.’” Caught by the famous Captain Martin Pring, in full pursuit of the junk of the Queen Mother of the Great Mogul, Jones was attacked, his ship fired in the fight, and burned,—with some of his crew,—and he was sent a prisoner to England in the ship bull, arriving in the Thames, January 1, 1618/19. No action seems to have been taken against him for his offences, and presumably his employer, Sir Robert, the coming Earl, obtained his liberty on one pretext or another. On January 19, however, complaint was made against Captain Jones, “late of the Lion,” by the East India Company, “for hiring divers men to serve the King of Denmark in the East Indies.” A few days after his arrest
“This advice,” he says, “being hearkened unto, there were [those] that undertook the putting it in practice [Weston and others] and it was accordingly brought to effect,” etc. Then, reciting (erroneously) the difficulties with the Speedwell, etc., he records the may-FLOWER’S arrival at Cape Cod, saying, “The . . . ship with great difficulty reached the coast of New England.” He then gives a glowing, though absurd, account of the attractions the planters found—in midwinter —especially naming the hospitable reception of the Indians, despite the fact of the savage attack made upon them by the Nausets at Cape Cod, and adds: “After they had well considered the state of their affairs and found that the authority they had
Unobservant that John Pierce was acting upon the old adage, “second thief best owner,” when he asked, a little later, even so extraordinary a thing as that the “Council for New England” would exchange the patent they had so promptly granted him (as representing his associates, the Adventurers and Planters) for a “deed-pole,” or title in fee, to himself alone, they instantly complied, and thus unwittingly enabled him also to steal the colony, and its demesne beside. It is evident, from the very servile letter of Robert Cushman to John Pierce (written while the former was at New Plymouth, in November-December, 1621, on behalf of the may-Flower Adventurers), that up to that time at least, the Pilgrims had no suspicion of the trick which had been played upon them. For, while too adroit recklessly to open a quarrel with those who could—if they chose —destroy them, the Pilgrims were far too high-minded to stoop to flattery and dissimulation (especially with any one known to have been guilty of treachery toward them), or to permit
Goodwin forcibly remarks, “These waters had been navigated by Gosnold, Smith, and various English and French explorers, whose descriptions and charts must have been familiar to a veteran master like Jones. He doubtless magnified the danger of the passage [of the shoals], and managed to have only such efforts made as were sure to fail. Of course he knew that by standing well out, and then southward in the clear sea, he would be able to bear up for the Hudson. His professed inability to devise any way for getting south of the Cape is strong proof of guilt.”
The sequential acts of the Gorges conspiracy were doubtless practically as follows:—
(a) The Leyden leaders applied to the States General of Holland, through the New Netherland Company, for their aid and protection in locating at the mouth of “Hudson’s” River;
(b) Sir Dudley Carleton, the English ambassador at the Hague, doubtless promptly reported these negotiations to the King, through Sir Robert Naunton;
(c) The King, naturally enough, probably mentioned the matter to his intimate and favorite, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the leading man in American colonization matters in the kingdom;
(d) Sir Ferdinando Gorges, recognizing the value of such colonists as the Leyden congregation would make, anxious to secure them, instead of permitting the Dutch to do so, and knowing that he and his Company would be obnoxious to the Leyden leaders, suggested, as he admits, to Weston, perhaps to Sandys, as the Leyden brethren’s friends, that they ought to secure them as colonists for their (London) Company;
(e) Weston was dispatched to Holland to urge the Leyden leaders to drop the Dutch negotiations, come under English auspices, which he guaranteed, and they, placing faith in him, and possibly in Sandys’s assurances of his (London) Virginia Company’s favor, were led to put themselves completely into the hands of Weston and the Merchant Adventurers; the Wincob patent was cancelled and Pierces substituted;
(f) Weston, failing to lead them to Gorges’s company, was next deputed, perhaps by Gorges’s secret aid, to act with full powers for the Adventurers, in securing shipping, etc.;
(g) Having made sure of the Leyden party, and being in charge of the shipping, Weston was practically master of the situation. He and Cushman, who was clearly entirely innocent of the conspiracy, had the hiring of the ship and of her officers, and at this point he and his acts were of vital importance to Gorges’s plans. To bring the plot to a successful issue it remained only to effect the landing of the colony upon territory north of the 41st parallel of north latitude, to take it out of the London Company’s jurisdiction, and to do this it was only necessary to make Jones Master of the ship and to instruct him accordingly. This, with so willing a servant of his masters, was a matter of minutes only, the instructions were evidently given, and the success of the plot—the theft of the may-Flower colony—was assured.
To a careful and candid student of all the facts, the proofs are seemingly unmistakable, and the conclusion is unavoidable, that the may-Flower Pilgrims were designedly brought to Cape Cod by Captain Jones, and their landing in that latitude was effected, in pursuance of a conspiracy entered into by him, not with the Dutch, but with certain of the nobility of England; not with the purpose of keeping the planters out of Dutch territory, but with the deliberate intent of stealing the colony from the London Virginia Company, under whose auspices it had organized and set sail, in the interest, and to the advantage, of its rival Company of the “Northern Plantations.”
It is noteworthy that Jones did not command the may-Flower for another voyage, and never sailed afterward in the employ of Thomas Goffe, Esq., or (so far as appears) of any reputable shipowner. Weston was not such, nor were the chiefs of the “Council for New England,” in whose employ he remained till his death.
The records of the Court of the “Council” show, that “as soon as it would do,” and when his absence would tend to lull suspicion as to the parts played, Captain Jones’s noble patrons took steps to secure for him due recognition and compensation for his services, from the parties who were to benefit directly, with themselves, by his knavery. The records read:
“July 17, 1622. A motion was made in the behaffe of Captaine Thomas Jones, Captaine of the discovery, nowe employed in Virginia for trade and fishinge [it proved, apparently, rather to be piracy], that he may be admitted a freeman in this Companie in reward of the good service he hath there [Virginia in general] performed. The Court liked well of the motion and condiscended thereunto.” The discovery left London at the close of November, 1621. She arrived at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1622. She reached Plymouth, New England, in August, 1622. Her outward voyage was not, so far as can be learned, eventful, or entitled to especial consideration or recognition, and the good store of English trading-goods she still had on hand—as Governor Bradford notices—on her arrival at Plymouth indicates no notable success up to that time, in the way of a trading-voyage, while “fishing” is not mentioned. For piracy, in which she was later more successful, she had then had neither time nor opportunity. The conclusion is irresistible, that “the good service” recognized by the vote recorded was of the past (he had sailed only the may-Flower voyage for the “Council” before), and that this recognition was a part of the compensation previously agreed upon, if, in the matter of the may-Flower voyage, Captain Jones did as he was bidden. Thus much of the crafty Master of the may-Flower, Captain Thomas Jones,—his Christian name and identity both apparently beyond dispute, —whom we first know in the full tide of his piratical career, in the corsair Lion in Eastern seas; whom we next find as a prisoner in London for his misconduct in the East, but soon Master of the cattle-ship Falcon on her Virginia voyage; whom we greet next—and best—as Admiral of the Pilgrim fleet, commander of the destiny freighted may-Flower, and though a conspirator with nobles against the devoted band he steered, under the overruling hand of their Lord God, their unwitting pilot to “imperial labors” and mighty honors, to the founding of empire, and to eternal Peace; whom we next meet—fallen, “like Lucifer, never to hope again” —as Captain of the little buccaneer,—the discovery, disguised as a trading-ship, on the Virginian and New England coasts; and lastly, in charge of his leaking prize, a Spanish frigate in West Indian waters, making his way—death-stricken—into the Virginia port of Jamestown, where (July, 1625), he “cast anchor” for the last time, dying, as we first found him, a pirate, to whom it had meantime been given to “minister unto saints.”
Of John Clarke, the first mate of the may-Flower, we have already learned that he had been in the employ of the First (or London) Virginia Company, and had but just returned (in June, 1620) from a voyage to Virginia with Captain Jones in the Falcon, when found and employed by Weston and Cushman for the Pilgrim ship. Dr. Neill quotes from the “Minutes of the London Virginia Company,” of Wednesday, February 13/23, 1621/2, the following; which embodies considerable information concerning him:—
“February 13th, 1621. Master Deputy acquainted the Court, that one Master John Clarke being taken from Virginia long since [Arber interpolates, “in 1612”] by a Spanish ship that came to discover the Plantation, that forasmuch as he hath since that time done the Company presumably the First (or London) Virginia Company good service in many voyages to Virginia; and, of late [1619] went into Ireland, for the transportation of cattle to Virginia; he was a humble suitor to this Court that he might be a Free brother of the Company, and have some shares of land bestowed upon him.”
From the foregoing he seems to have begun his American experiences as early as 1612, and to have frequently repeated them. That he was at once hired by Weston and Cushman as a valuable man, as soon as found, was not strange.
He seems to have had the ability to impress men favorably and secure their confidence, and to have been a modest and reliable man. Although of both experience and capacity, he continued an under-officer for some years after the Pilgrim voyage, when, it is fair to suppose, he might have had command of a ship. He seems to have lacked confidence in himself, or else the breadth of education necessary to make him trust his ability as a navigator.
He is not mentioned, in connection with the affairs of the Pilgrims, after he was hired as “pilot,”—on Saturday afternoon the 10th of June, 1620, at London,—until after the arrival at Cape Cod, and evidently was steadily occupied during all the experience of “getting away” and of the voyage, in the faithful performance of his duty as first mate (or “pilot”) of the may-Flower. It was not until the “third party” of exploration from Cape Cod harbor was organized and set out, on Wednesday, December 6, that he appeared as one of the company who put out in the shallop, to seek the harbor which had been commended by Coppin, “the second mate.” On this eventful voyage—when the party narrowly escaped shipwreck at the mouth of Plymouth harbor—they found shelter under the lee of an island, which (it being claimed traditionally that he was first to land there on) was called, in his honor, “Clarke’s Island,” which name it retains to this day. No other mention of him is made by name, in the affairs of ship or shore, though it is known inferentially that he survived the general illness which attacked and carried off half of the ship’s company. In November,
Of Robert Coppin, the “second mate” (or “pilot”) of the may-Flower, nothing is known before his voyage in the Pilgrim ship, except that he seems to have made a former to the coast of New England and the vicinity of Cape Cod, though under what auspices, or in what ship, does not transpire. Bradford says: “Their Pilotte, one Mr. Coppin, who had been in the countrie before.” Dr. Young a suggests that Coppin was perhaps on the coast with Smith or Hunt. Mrs. Austin imaginatively makes him, of “the whaling bark Scotsman of Glasgow,” but no warrant whatever for such a conception appears.
Dr. Dexter, as elsewhere noted, has said: “My impression is that Coppin was originally hired to go in the Speedwell, . . that he sailed with them [the Pilgrims] in the speed well, but on her final putting back was transferred to the may-Flower.” As we have seen in another relation, Dr. Dexter also believed Coppin to have been the “pilot” sent over by Cushman to Leyden, in May, 1620, and we have found both views to be untenable. It was doubtless because of this mistaken view that Dr. Dexter believed that Coppin was “hired to go in the Speedwell,” and, the premise being wrong, the conclusion is sequentially incorrect. But there are abundant reasons for thinking that Dexter’s “impression” is wholly mistaken. It would be unreasonable to suppose (as both vessels were expected to cross the ocean), that each had not—certainly on leaving Southampton her full complement of officers. If so, each undoubtedly had her second mate. The may-FLOWER’S officers and crew were, as we know, hired for the voyage, and there is no good reason to suppose that the second mate of the may-Flower was dismissed at Plymouth and Coppin put in his place which would not be equally potent for such an exchange between the first mate of the Speedwell and Clarke of the may-Flower. The assumption presumes too much. In fact, there can be no doubt that Dexter’s misconception was enbased upon, and arose from, the unwarranted impression that Coppin was the “pilot” sent over to Leyden. It is not likely that, when the SPEEDWELL’S officers were so evidently anxious to escape the voyage, they would seek transfer to the may-Flower.
Charles Deane, the editor of Bradford’s “Historie” (ed.1865), makes, in indexing, the clerical error of referring to Coppin as the “master-gunner,” an error doubtless occasioned by the fact that in the text referred to, the words, “two of the masters-mates, Master Clarke and Master Coppin, the master-gunner,” etc., were run so near together that the mistake was readily made.
In “Mourt’s Relation” it appears that in the conferences that were held aboard the ship in Cape Cod harbor, as to the most desirable place for the colonists to locate, “Robert Coppin our pilot, made relation of a great navigable river and great harbor in the headland of the Bay, almost right over against Cape Cod, being a right line not much above eight leagues distant,” etc. Mrs. Jane G. Austin asserts, though absolutely without warrant of any reliable authority, known tradition, or probability, that “Coppin’s harbor . . . afterward proved to be Cut River and the site of Marshfield,” but in another place she contradicts this by stating that it was “Jones River, Duxbury.” As Coppin described his putative harbor, called “Thievish Harbor,” a “great navigable river and good harbor” were in close relation, which was never true of either the Jones River or “Cut River” localities, while any one familiar with the region knows that what Mrs. Austin knew as “Cut River” had no existence in the Pilgrims’ early days, but was the work of man, superseding a small river-mouth (Green Harbor River), which was so shallow as to have its exit closed by the sand-shift of a single storm.
Young, with almost equal recklessness, says: “The other headland of the bay,” alluded to by Coppin, was Manomet Point, and the river was probably the North River in Scituate; but there are no “great navigable river and good harbor” in conjunction in the neighborhood of Manomet, or of the North River,—the former having no river and the latter no harbor. If Coppin had not declared that he had never seen the mouth of Plymouth harbor before ("mine eyes never saw this place before"), it might readily have been believed that Plymouth harbor was the “Thievish Harbor” of his description, so well do they correspond.
Goodwin, the brother of Mrs. Austin, quite at variance with his sister’s conclusions, states, with every probability confirming him, that the harbor Coppin sought “may have been Boston, Ipswich, Newburyport, or Portsmouth.”
As a result of his “relation” as to a desirable harbor, Coppin was made the “pilot” of the “third expedition,” which left the ship in the shallop, Wednesday, December 6, and, after varying disasters and a narrow escape from shipwreck—through Coppin’s mistake—landed Friday night after dark, in the storm, on the island previously mentioned, ever since called “Clarke’s Island,” at the mouth of Plymouth harbor.
Nothing further is known of Coppin except that he returned to England with the ship. He has passed into history only as Robert Coppin, “the second mate” (or “pilot”) of the may-Flower.
But one other officer in merchant ships of the may-Flower class in her day was dignified by the address of “Master” (or Mister), or had rank with the Captain and Mates as a quarter-deck officer,—except in those instances where a surgeon or a chaplain was carried. That the may-Flower carried no special ship’s-surgeon has been supposed from the fact of Dr. Fuller’s attendance alike on her passengers and crew, and the increased mortality of the seamen—after his removal on shore.
[The author is greatly
indebted to his esteemed friend, Mr. George
Ernest Bowman, Secretary-General
of the Society of may-Flower
Descendants, for information
of much value upon this point. He
believes that he has
discovered trustworthy evidence of the
existence of a small
volume bearing upon its title-page an
inscription that would
certainly indicate that the may-Flower had
her own surgeon.
A copy of the inscription, which Mr. Bowman
declares well attested
(the book not being within reach), reads as
follows:—
“To
Giles Heale Chirurgeon,
from
Isaac Allerton
in
Virginia.
Feb.
10, 1620.”
Giles Heale’s name will be recognized as that of one of the witnesses to John Carver’s copy of William Mullens’s nuncupative will, and, if he was the ship’s-surgeon, might very naturally appear in that relation. If book and inscription exist and the latter is genuine, it would be indubitable proof that Heale (who was surely not a may-Flower passenger) was one of the ship’s company, and if a “chirurgeon,” the surgeon of the ship, for no other Englishmen, except those of the colonists and the ship’s company, could have been at New Plymouth, at the date given, and New England was then included in the term “Virginia.” It is much to be hoped that Mr. Bowman’s belief may be established, and that in Giles Heale we shall have another known officer, the surgeon, of the may-Flower.]
That she had no chaplain goes without saying. The Pilgrims had their spiritual adviser with them in the person of Elder Brewster, and were not likely to tolerate a priest of either the English or the Romish church on a vessel carrying them. The officer referred to was the representative of the business interests of the owner or chartering-party, on whose account the ship made the voyage; and in that day was known as the “ship’s-merchant,” later as the “purser,” and in some relations as the “supercargo.” No mention of an officer thus designated, belonging to the may-Flower, has ever been made by any writer, so far as known, and it devolves upon the author to indicate his existence and to establish, so far as possible, both this and his identity.
A certain “Master Williamson,” whose name and presence, though but once mentioned by Governor Bradford, have greatly puzzled Pilgrim historians, seems to have filled this berth on board the may-Flower. Bradford tells us that on Thursday, March 22, 1620/21, “Master Williamson” was designated to accompany Captain Standish—practically as an officer of the guard—to receive and escort the Pokanoket chief, Massasoit, to Governor Carver, on the occasion of the former’s first visit of state. Prior to the recent discovery in London, by an American genealogist, of a copy of the nuncupative will of Master William Mullens, one of the may-Flower Pilgrims, clearly dictated to Governor John Carver on board the ship, in the harbor of New Plymouth (probably) Wednesday, February 21, 1620 (though not written out by Carver till April 2, 1620), on which day (as we learn from Bradford), Master Mullens died, no other mention of “Master Williamson” than that above quoted was known, and his very existence was seriously questioned. In this will, as elsewhere noted, “Master Williamson” is named as one of the “Overseers.” By most early writers it was held that Bradford had unwittingly substituted the name “Williamson” for that of Allerton, and this view—apparently for no better reasons than that both names had two terminal letters in common, and that Allerton was associated next day with Standish on some military duty—came to be generally accepted, and Allerton’s name to be even frequently substituted without question.—–Miss Marcia A. Thomas, in her “Memorials of Marshfield” (p. 75), says: “In 1621, Master Williamson, Captain Standish, and Edward Winslow made a journey to make a treaty with Massasoit. He is called ‘Master George,’ meaning probably Master George Williamson,” etc.
This is certainly most absurd, and by one not familiar with the exceptional fidelity and the conscientious work of Miss Thomas would rightly be denounced as reckless and reprehensible fabrication. Of course Williamson, Standish, and Winslow made no such journey, and made no treaty with Massasoit, but aided simply in conducting, with due ceremonial, the first meeting between Governor John Carver and the Indian sachem at Plymouth, at which a treaty was concluded. There is no historical warrant whatever for the name of “George,” as appertaining to “Master William son.” The fact, however,—made known by the fortunate discovery mentioned,—that “Master Williamson” was named in his will by Master Mullens as one of its “Overseers,” and undoubtedly probated the will in England, puts the existence of such a person beyond reasonable doubt. That he was a person of some dignity, and of very respectable position, is shown by the facts that he was chosen as Standish’s associate, as lieutenant of the guard, on an occasion of so much importance, and was thought fit by Master Mullens, a careful and clear-headed man as his will proves,—to be named an “Overseer”
The only officer commonly carried by a ship of the may-Flower class, whose rank, capacities, and functions would comport with every fact and feature of the case, was “the ship’s-merchant,” her accountant, factor, and usually—when such was requisite—her “interpreter,” on every considerable (trading) voyage.
It is altogether probable that it was in his capacity of “interpreter” (as Samoset and Tisquantum knew but little English), and on account of what knowledge of the Indian tongue he very probably possessed, that Standish chose Williamson as his associate for the formal reception of Massasoit. It is indeed altogether probable that it was this familiarity with the “trade lingo” of the American coast tribes which influenced —perhaps determined—his employment as “ship’s-merchant” of the may-Flower for her Pilgrim voyage, especially as she was expected to “load back” for England with the products of the country, only to be had by barter with the Indians. It is evident that there must naturally have been some provision
That “Master Williamson” was a veritable person at New Plymouth, in February and March, 1620/21, is now beyond dispute; that he must have been of the ship’s company of the may-Flower is logically certain; that he was one of her officers, and a man of character, is proven by his title of “Master” and his choice by Standish and Mullens for exceptional and honorable service; that the position of “ship’s-merchant” alone answers to the conditions precedent, is evident; and that such an officer was commonly carried by ships of the may-Flower class on such voyages as hers is indicated by the necessity, and proven by the facts known as to other ships on similar New England voyages, both earlier and later. The fact that he was called simply “Master Williamson,” in both cases where he is mentioned, with out other designation or identification, is highly significant, and clearly indicates that he was some one so familiarly known to all concerned that no occasion for any further designation apparently occurred to the minds of Mullens, Carver, or Bradford, when referring to him.
The Carpenter, Gunner, Boatswain, Quartermaster, and “Masters-mates” are the only “petty officers” of the Pilgrim ship of whom any record makes mention. The carpenter is named several times, and was evidently, as might be expected, one of the most useful men of the ship’s crew. Called into requisition, doubtless, in the conferences as to the condition of the Speedwell, on both of her returns to port, at the inception of the voyage, he was especially in evidence when, in mid-ocean, “the cracking and bending of a great deck-beam,” and the “shaken” condition of “the upper works” of the may-Flower, gave rise to much alarm, and it was by his labors and devices, and the use of the now famous “jack-screw,” that the bending beam and leaking deck were made secure. The repairs upon the shallop in Cape Cod harbor also devolved upon him, and mention is made of his illness and the dependence placed upon him. No doubt, in the construction of the first dwellings and of the ordnance platform on the hill, etc., he was the devising and principal workman. He undoubtedly returned to England with the ship, and is known in history only by his “billet,” as “the carpenter” of the may-Flower.
The Master Gunner seems to have been a man with a proclivity for Indian barter, that led him to seek a place with the “third expedition” at Cape Cod, thereby nearly accomplishing his death, which indeed occurred later, in Plymouth harbor, not long before the return of the ship.
The Boatswain is known, by Bradford’s records, to have died in the general sickness which attacked the crew while lying in Plymouth harbor. The brief narrative of his sickness and death is all that we know of his personality. The writer says: “He was a proud young man, and would often curse and scoff at the passengers,” but being nursed when dying, by those of them who remained aboard, after his shipmates had deserted him in their craven fear of infection, “he bewailed his former conduct,” saying, “Oh! you, I now see, show your love like Christians indeed, one to another, but we let one another lie and die like dogs.”
Four Quartermasters are mentioned (probably helmsmen simply), of whom three are known to have died in Plymouth harbor.
“Masters-mates” are several times mentioned, but it is pretty certain that the “pilots” (or mates) are intended. Bradford and Winslow, in “Mourt’s Relation,” say of the reappearance of the Indians: “So Captain Standish, with another [Hopkins], with their muskets, went over to them, with two of the masters-mates that follow them without [side?] arms, having two muskets with them: Who these “masters-mates” were does not appear.” The language, “two of the masters-mates,” would possibly suggest that there were more of them. It hardly seems probable that both the mates of the may-Flower would thus volunteer, or thrust themselves forward in such a matter, and it seems doubtful if they would have been permitted (even if both ashore at one time, which, though unusual, did occur), to assume such duty. Whoever they were, they did not lack courage.
The names of the petty officers and seamen of the may-Flower do not appear as such, but the discovery of the (evidently) nuncupative will of William Mullens—herein referred to—has perhaps given us two of them. Attached to John Carver’s certificate of the particulars of this will, filed at Somerset House, London, are the names, “Giles Heale” and “Christopher Joanes.” As Mr Mullens died Wednesday, February 21, 1620, on board the may-Flower in Plymouth harbor, on which day we know from Bradford’ that “the Master [Jones, whose name was Thomas] came on shore with many of his sailors,” to land and mount the cannon on the fort, and as they had a full day’s work to draw up the hill and mount five guns, and moreover brought the materials for, and stayed to eat, a considerable dinner with the Pilgrims, they were doubtless ashore all day. It is rational to interpret the known facts to indicate that in this absence of the Captain and most of his crew ashore, Mr. Mullens, finding himself failing fast, sent for Governor Carver and—unable to do more than speak —dictated to him the disposition of his property which he desired to make. Carver, noting this down from his dictation, undoubtedly called in two of the ship’s company (Heale very likely being the ship’s-surgeon), who were left aboard to “keep ship,” to hear his notes read to Mullens and assented to by him, they thus becoming the witnesses to his will, to the full copy of which, as made by Carver (April 2), they affixed their names as such. As there were then at Plymouth (besides savages) only the passengers and crew of the may-Flower, and these men were certainly not among the passengers, it seems inevitable that they were of the crew. That “Christopher Joanes” was not the Master of the ship is clear, because Heale’s is the first signature, and no man of the crew would have dared to sign before the Captain; because the Captain’s name was (as demonstrated) Thomas; and because we
The number of seamen belonging to the ship is nowhere definitely stated. At least four in the employ of the Pilgrims were among the passengers and not enrolled upon the ships’ lists. From the size of the ship, the amount of sail she probably carried, the weight of her anchors, and certain other data which appear,—such as the number allowed to leave the ship at a time, etc.,—it is probably not a wild estimate to place their number at from twenty to twenty-five. This is perhaps a somewhat larger number than would be essential to work the ship, and than would have been shipped if the voyage had been to any port of a civilized country; but on a voyage to a wild coast, the possibilities of long absence and of the weakening of the crew by death, illness, etc., demanded consideration and a larger number. The wisdom and necessity of carrying, on a voyage to an uninhabited country, some spare men, is proven by the record of Bradford, who says: “The disease begane to fall amongst them the seamen also, so as allmost halfe of their company dyed before they went away and many of their officers and lustyest men; as ye boatson, gunner, 3 quarter maisters, the cooke, and others.”
The lady ARBELLA, the “Admiral” of Governor Winthrop’s fleet, a ship of 350 tons, carried 52 men, and it is a fair inference that the may-Flower, of a little more than half her tonnage, would require at least half as many. It is, therefore, not unlikely that the officers and crew of the may-Flower, all told, mustered thirty men, irrespective of the sailors, four in number (Alderton, English, Trevore, and Ely), in the Pilgrims’ employ.
THE MAY-FLOWER’S PASSENGERS
The passenger list of the Speedwell has given us the names of the Leyden members of the company which, with the cooperation of the associated Merchant Adventurers, was, in the summer of 1620, about to emigrate to America.
Though it is not possible, with present knowledge, positively to determine every one of those who were passengers in the may-Flower from London to Southampton, most of them can be named with certainty.
Arranged for convenience, so far as possible, by families, they were:—
Master Robert Cushman, the London agent of the Leyden
company,
Mrs. Mary (Clarke)-Singleton
Cushman, 2d wife,
Thomas Cushman, son
(by 1st wife).
Master Christopher Martin, treasurer-agent of the
colonists,
Mrs. Martin, wife,
Solomon Prower, “servant,”
John Langemore, “servant.”
Master Richard Warren.
Master William Mullens,
Mrs. Alice Mullens,
wife,
Joseph Mullens, 2d son,
Priscilla Mullens, 2d
daughter,
Robert Carter, “servant.”
Master Stephen Hopkins,
Mrs. Elizabeth (Fisher?)
Hopkins, 2d wife,
Giles Hopkins, son (by
former wife),
Constance Hopkins, daughter
(by former wife),
Damaris Hopkins, daughter,
Edward Dotey, “servant,”
Edward Leister, “servant.”
Gilbert Winslow.
James Chilton,
Mrs. Susanna (2) Chilton,
wife,
Mary Chilton, daughter.
Richard Gardiner.
John Billington,
Mrs. Eleanor (or Helen)
Billington, wife,
John Billington (Jr.),
son,
Francis Billington,
son.
William Latham, “servant-boy” to Deacon Carver.
Jasper More, “bound-boy” to Deacon Carver.
Ellen More, “little bound girl” to Master Edward Winslow.
Richard More, “bound-boy” to Elder Brewster. ------- More, “bound-boy” to Elder Brewster.
There is a possibility that Thomas Rogers and his son, Joseph, who are usually accredited to the Leyden company, were of the London contingent, and sailed from there, though this is contra-indicated by certain collateral data.
It is possible, also, of course, that any one or more of the English colonists (with a few exceptions—such as Cushman and family, Mullens and family, the More children and others—known to have left London on the may-Flower) might have joined her (as did Carver and Alden, perhaps Martin and family) at Southampton, but the strong presumption is that most of the English passengers joined the ship at London.
It is just possible, too, that the seamen, Alderton (or Allerton), English, Trevore, and Ely, were hired in London and were on board the may-Flower when she left that port, though they might have been employed and joined the ship at either Southampton, Dartmouth, or Plymouth. It is strongly probable, however, that they were part, if not all, hired in Holland, and came over to Southampton in the pinnace.
Robert Cushman—the London agent (for more
than three years) of the
Leyden congregation,
and, in spite of the wickedly unjust criticism
of Robinson and others,
incompetent to judge his acts, their brave,
sagacious, and faithful
servant—properly heads the list.
Bradford says: “Where they find the bigger ship come from London, Mr. Jones, Master, with the rest of the company who had been waiting there with Mr. Cushman seven days.” Deacon Carver, probably from being on shore, was not here named. In a note appended to the memoir of Robert Cushman (prefatory to his Discourse delivered at Plymouth, New England, on “The Sin and Danger of Self-Love”) it is stated in terms as follows: “The fact is, that Mr. Cushman procured the larger vessel, the may-Flower, and its pilot, at London, and left in that vessel.” The statement—though published long after the events of which it treats and by other than Mr. Cushman—we know to be substantially correct, and the presumption is that the writer, whoever he may have been, knew also.
Sailing with his wife and son (it is not probable that he had any other living child at the time), in full expectation that it was for Virginia, he encountered so much of ungrateful and abusive treatment, after the brethren met at Southampton,—especially at the hands of the insufferable Martin, who, without merit and with a most reprehensible record (as it proved), was chosen over him as “governor” of the ship,—that he was doubtless glad to return from Plymouth when the Speedwell broke down. He and his family appear, therefore, as “May-Flower passengers,” only between London and Plymouth during the vexatious attendance upon the scoundrelly Master of the Speedwell, in his “doublings” in the English Channel. His Dartmouth letter to Edward Southworth, one of the most valuable contributions to the early literature of the Pilgrims extant, clearly demonstrates that he was suffering severely from dyspepsia and deeply wounded feelings. The course of events was his complete vindication, and impartial history to-day pronounces him second to none in his service to the Pilgrims and their undertaking. His first wife is shown by Leyden records to have been Sarah Reder, and his second marriage to have occurred May 19/June 3, 1617, [sic] about the time he first went to England in behalf of the Leyden congregation.
Mrs. Mary (Clarke)-Singleton Cushman appears only
as a passenger of the
may-Flower
on her channel voyage, as she returned with her husband
and son from Plymouth,
England, in the Speedwell.
Thomas Cushman, it is quite clear, must have been
a son by a former wife,
as he would have been
but a babe, if the son of the latest wife,
when he went to New
England with his father, in the Fortune, to
remain. Goodwin
and others give his age as fourteen at this time,
and his age at death
is their warrant. Robert Cushman died in 1625,
but a “Mary, wife
[widow?] of Robert Cushman, and their son,
Thomas,” seem
to have been remembered in the will of Ellen Bigge,
widow, of Cranbrooke,
Master Christopher Martin, who was made, Bradford
informs us, the
treasurer-agent of the
Planter Company, Presumably about the time of
the original conclusions
between the Adventurers and the Planters,
seems to have been appointed
such, as Bradford states, not because
he was needed, but to
give the English contingent of the Planter
body representation
in the management, and to allay thereby any
suspicion or jealousy.
He was, if we are to judge by the evidence
in hand concerning his
contention and that of his family with the
Archdeacon, the strong
testimony that Cushman bears against him in
his Dartmouth letter
of August 17, and the fact that there seems to
have been early dissatisfaction
with him as “governor” on the ship,
a very self-sufficient,
somewhat arrogant, and decidedly contentious
individual. His
selection as treasurer seems to have been very
unfortunate, as Bradford
indicates that his accounts were in
unsatisfactory shape,
and that he had no means of his own, while his
rather surprising selection
for the office of “governor” of the
larger ship, after the
unpleasant experience with him as
treasurer-agent, is
difficult to account for, except that he was
evidently an active
opponent of Cushman, and the latter was just
then in disfavor with
the colonists. He was evidently a man in the
prime of life, an “Independent”
who had the courage of his
convictions if little
discretion, and much of that energy and
self-reliance which,
properly restrained, are excellent elements
for a colonist.
Very little beside the fact that he came from
Essex is known of him,
and nothing of his wife. He has further
mention hereafter.
Solomon Prower is clearly shown by the complaint made
against him by the
Archdeacon of Chelmsford,
the March before he sailed on the
may-Flower,
to have been quite a youth, a firm “Separatist,”
and
something more than
an ordinary “servant.” He seems to
have been
summoned before the
Archdeacon at the same time with young Martin
(a son of Christopher),
and this fact suggests some nearer relation
than that of “servant.”
He is sometimes spoken of as Martin’s
“son,” by
what warrant does not appear, but the fact suggests
that
he may have been a step-son.
Bradford, in recording his death,
says: “Dec.
24, this day dies Solomon Martin.” This
John Langemore; there is nothing (save the errors
of Dr. Young) to
indicate that he was
other than a “servant.”
Richard Warren was probably from Kent or Essex.
Surprisingly little is
known of his antecedents,
former occupation, etc.
William Mullens and his family were, as shown, from
Dorking in Surrey,
and their home was therefore
close to London, whence they sailed,
beyond doubt, in the
may-Flower. The discovery at Somerset
House,
London, by Mr. Henry
F. Waters, of Salem, Massachusetts; of what is
evidently the nuncupative
will of William Mullens, proves an
important one in many
particulars, only one of which need be
referred to in this
connection, but all of which will receive due
consideration.
It conclusively shows Mr. Mullens not to have been
of the Leyden congregation,
as has sometimes been claimed, but that
he was a well-to-do
tradesman of Dorking in Surrey, adjacent to
London. It renders
it certain, too, that he had been some time
resident there, and
had both a married daughter and a son (William),
doubtless living there,
which effectually overthrows the “imaginary
history” of Baird,
and of that pretty story, “Standish of Standish,”
whereby the Mullens
(or Molines) family are given French (Huguenot)
antecedents and the
daughter is endowed with numerous airs, graces,
and accomplishments,
professedly French.
Dr. Griffis, in his delightful little narrative, “The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, England, Holland, America,” cites the name “Mullins” as a Dutch distortion of Molines or Molineaux. Without questioning that such it might be,—for the Dutch scribes were gifted in remarkable distortions of simple names, even of their own people,—they evidently had no hand in thus maltreating the patronym of William Mullens (or Mullins) of the Pilgrims, for not only is evidence entirely wanting to show that he was ever a Leyden citizen, though made such by the fertile fiction of Mrs. Austin, but Governor Carver, who knew him well, wrote it in his will “Mullens,” while two English probate functionaries of his own home-counties wrote it respectively “Mullens” and “Mullins.”
Dr. Grifs speaks of “the Mullens family” as evidently [sic] of Huguenot or Walloon birth or descent, but in doing so probably knew no other authority than Mrs. Austin’s little novel, or (possibly) Dr. Baird’s misstatements.
A writer in the “New England Historic-Genealogical Register,” vol. xlvii, p. 90, states, that “Mrs. Jane G. Austin found her authority for saying that Priscilla Mullens was of a Huguenot family, in Dr. Baird’s ‘History of Huguenot Emigration to America,’ vol. i. p. 158,” etc., referring to Rev. Charles W. Baird, D. D., New York. The reference given is a notable specimen of very bad historical work. Of Dr. Baird, one has a right to expect better things, and the positiveness of his reckless assertion might well mislead those not wholly familiar with the facts involved, as it evidently has more than one. He states, without qualification or reservation, that “among the passengers in the Speedwell were several of the French who had decided to cast in their lot with these English brethren. William Molines and his daughter Priscilla, afterwards the wife of John Alden and Philip Delanoy, born in Leyden of French parents, were of the number.” One stands confounded by such a combination of unwarranted errors. Not only is it not true that there “were several of the French among the passengers in the Speedwell,” but there is no evidence whatever that there was even one. Those specifically named as there, certainly were not, and there is not the remotest proof or reason to believe, that William Mullens (or Molines) and his daughter Priscilla (to say nothing of the wife and son who accompanied him to America, whom Baird forgets) ever even saw Leyden or Delfshaven. Their home had been at Dorking in Surrey, just across the river from London, whence the may-Flower sailed for New England, and nothing could be more absurd than to assume that they were passengers on the Speedwell from Delfshaven to Southampton.
So far from Philip Delanoy (De La Noye or Delano) being a passenger on the Speedwell, he was not even one of the Pilgrim company, did notPage 102
go to New England till the following year (in the Fortune), and of course had no relation to the Speedwell. Neither does Edward Winslow—the only authority for the parentage of “Delanoy”—state that “he was born in Leyden,” as Baird alleges, but only that “he was born of French parents . . . and came to us from Leyden to New Plymouth,”—an essential variance in several important particulars. Scores and perhaps hundreds of people have been led to believe Priscilla Mullens a French Protestant of the Leyden congregation, and themselves—as her descendants—“of Huguenot stock,” because of these absolutely groundless assertions of Dr. Baird. They lent themselves readily to Mrs. Austin’s fertile imagination and facile pen, and as “welcome lies” acquired a hold on the public mind, from which even the demonstrated truth will never wholly dislodge them. The comment of the intelligent writer in the “Historic-Genealogical Register” referred to is proof of this. So fast-rooted had these assertions become in her thought as the truth, that, confronted with the evidence that Master Mullens and his family were from Dorking in England, it does not occur to her to doubt the correctness of the impression which the recklessness of Baird had created,—that they were of Leyden,—and she hence amusingly suggests that “they must have moved from Leyden to Dorking.” These careless utterances of one who is especially bound by his position, both as a writer and as a teacher of morals, to be jealous for the truth, might be partly condoned as attributable to mistake or haste, except for the facts that they seem to have been the fountain-head of an ever-widening stream of serious error, and that they are preceded on the very page that bears them by others as to the Pilgrim exodus equally unhappy. It seems proper to suggest that it is high time that all lovers of reliable history should stand firmly together against the flood of loose statement which is deluging the public; brand the false wherever found; and call for proof from of all new and important historical propositions put forth.
Stephen Hopkins may possibly have had more than one
wife before
Elizabeth, who accompanied
him to New England and was mother of the
sea-born son Oceanus.
Hopkins’s will indicates his affection for
this latest wife, in
unusual degree for wills of that day. With
singular carelessness,
both of the writer and his proof-reader, Hon.
William T. Davis states
that Damaris Hopkins was born “after the
arrival” in New
England. The contrary is, of course, a well
established fact.
Mr. Davis was probably led into this error by
following Bradford’s
“summary” as affecting the Hopkins family.
He
states therein that
Hopkins “had one son, who became a seaman and
died at Barbadoes probably
Caleb, and four daugh ters born here.”
To make up these “four”
daughters “born here” Davis found it
Gilbert Winslow was a brother of Edward Winslow, a
young man, said to
have been a carpenter,
who returned to England after “divers years”
in New England.
There is a possibility that he was at Leyden and
was a passenger on the
Speedwell. It has been suggested that he
spent the greater part
of the time he was in New England, outside of
the Pilgrim Colony.
He took no part in its affairs.
James Chilton and his family are but little known
to Pilgrim writers,
except the daughter
Mary, who came into notice principally through
her marriage with John
Winslow, another brother of Governor Edward,
who came over later.
Their name has assumed a singular prominence
in popular regard, altogether
disproportionate to either their
personal characteristics,
station, or the importance of their early
descendants. Some
unaccountable glamour of romance, without any
substantial foundation,
is probably responsible for it. They left a
married daughter behind
them in England, which is the only hint we
have as to their home
just prior to the embarkation. There has been
a disposition, not well
grounded, to regard them as of Leyden.
Richard Gardiner, Goodwin unequivocally places with
the English colonists
(but on what authority
does not fully appear), and he has been
claimed, but without
any better warrant, for the Leyden list.
John Billington and his family were unmistakably of
the English
colonists. Mrs.
Billington’s name has been variously given,
e.g. Helen,
Ellen, and Eleanor, and the same writer has used them
interchangeably.
One writer has made the inexcusable error of
stating that “the
younger son, Francis, was born after the arrival
at New Plymouth,”
but his own affidavit shows him to have been born
in 1606.
William Latham, a “servant-boy” of Deacon
Carver, has always been of
doubtful relation, some
circumstances indicating that he was of
Leyden and hence was
a Speedwell passenger, but others—and
these
the more significant—rendering
it probable that he was an English
boy, who was obtained
in London (like the More children) and
apprenticed to Carver,
in which case he probably came in the
may-Flower
from London, though he may have awaited her coming
with
his master at Southampton,
The More children, Jasper, Richard, their brother
(whose given name has
never transpired), and
Ellen, their sister, invite more than passing
mention. The belief
has always been current and confident among
students of Pilgrim
history that these More children, four in
number, “put”
or “indentured” to three of the Leyden
leaders, were
probably orphaned children
of some family of the Leyden
congregation, and were
so “bound” to give them a chance in the
new
colony, in return for
such services as they could render to those
they accompanied.
If thus of the Leyden contingent they would,
of course, be enumerated
as passengers in the Speedwell from
Delfshaven, but if of
the English contingent they should probably be
borne on the list of
passengers sailing from London in the
may-Flower,
certainly should be reckoned as part of the English
contingent on the may-Flower
at Southampton. An affidavit of
Richard More, perhaps
the eldest of these children, indentured to
Elder Brewster, dated
in 1684., found in “Proceedings of the
Provincial Court, Maryland
Archives, vol. xiv. (’New England
Historic-Genealogical
Register,’ vol 1. p. 203 ),” affirms
the
deponent to be then
“seaventy years or thereabouts” of age,
which
would have made him
some six years of age, “or thereabouts,”
in
1620. He deposes
“that being in London at the house of Mr. Thomas
Weston, Iron monger,
in the year 1620, he was from there transported
to New Plymouth in New
England,” etc. This clearly identifies
Richard More of the
may Flower, and renders it well-nigh certain
that he and his brothers
and sister, “bound out” like himself to
Pilgrim leaders, were
of the English company, were probably never in
Leyden or on the Speedwell,
and were very surely passengers on the
may-Flower
from London, in charge of Mr. Cushman or others.
The
fact that the lad was
in London, and went from thence direct to New
England, is good evidence
that he was not of the Leyden party. The
fair presump tion is
that his brothers and sister were, like
The possible accessions to the company, at London or Southampton, of Henry Sampson and Humility Cooper, cousins of Edward Tilley and wife, would be added to the passengers of the pinnace rather than to the may-FLOWER’S, if, as seems probable, their relatives were of the Speedwell. If Edward Tilley and his wife were assigned to the may Flower, room would doubtless also be found for these cousins on the ship. John Alden, the only positively known addition (except Carver) made to the list at Southampton, was, from the nature of his engagement as “cooper,” quite likely assigned to the larger ship. There are no known hints as to the assignments of passengers to the respective vessels at Southampton—then supposed to be final—beyond the remarks of Bradford that “the chief [principal ones] of them that came from Leyden went on this ship [the Speedwell] to give the Master content,” and his further minute, that “Master Martin was governour in the biger ship and Master Cushman assistante.” It is very certain that Deacon Carver, one of the four agents of the colonists, who had “fitted out” the voyage in England, was a passenger in the Speedwell from Southampton,—as the above mentioned remark of Bradford would suggest,—and was made “governour” of her passengers, as he later was of the whole company, on the may-Flower. It has sometimes been queried whether, in the interim between the arrival of the Speedwell at Southampton and the assignment of the colonists to their respective ships (especially as both vessels were taking in and transferring cargo), the passengers remained on board or were quartered on shore. The same query has arisen, with even better reason, as to the passengers of the Speedwell during the stay at Dartmouth, when the consort was being carefully overhauled to find her leaks, the suggestion being made that in this case some of them might have found accommodation on board the larger ship. The question may be fairly considered as settled negatively, from the facts that the colonists, with few exceptions, were unable
Captain John Smith says,
[Smith, New England’s Trials, ed. 1622, London, p. 259. It is a singular error of the celebrated navigator that he makes the ships to have, in less than a day’s sail, got outside of Plymouth, as he indicates by his words, “the next day,” and “forced their return to Plymouth.” He evidently intends to speak only in general terms, as he entirely omits the (first) return to Dartmouth, and numbers the passengers on the may-Flower, on her final departure, at but “one hundred.” He also says they “discharged twenty passengers.”]
apparently without pretending to be exact, “They left the coast of England the 23 of August, with about 120 persons, but the next day [sic] the lesser ship sprung a leak that forced their return to Plymouth; where discharging her [the ship] and twenty passengers, with the great ship and a hundred persons, besides sailors, they set sail again on the 6th of September.”
[Dr. Ames, so stringent in his requirements of other authors, for example Jane Austin, has to this point been pathetically naive as to the opinions of Captain John Smith. Captain Smith’s self-serving and very subjective narratives of his own voyages obtained for him the very derogatory judgement by his contemporaries. One of the best reviews of John Smith’s life may be found in a small book on this adventurer by Charles Dudley Warner. D.W.]
If the number one hundred and twenty (120) is correct, and the distribution suggested is also exact, viz. thirty (30) to the Speedwell and ninety (90) to the may-Flower, it is clear that there must have been more than twelve (the number usually named) who went from the consort to the larger ship, when the pinnace was abandoned. We know that at least Robert Cushman and his family (wife and son), who were on the may-Flower, were among the number who returned to London upon the Speedwell (and the language of Thomas Blossom in his letter to Governor Bradford, else where quoted, indicates that he and his son were also there), so that if the ship’s number was ninety (90), and three or more were withdrawn, it would require fifteen (15) or more to make the number up to one hundred and two (102), the number of passengers we know the may-Flower had when she took her final departure. It is not likely we shall ever be able to determine exactly the names or number of those transferred to the may-Flower from the consort, or the number or names of all those who went back to London from either vessel. Several of the former and a few of the latter are known, but we must (except for some fortunate discovery) rest content with a very accurate knowledge of the passenger list of the may-Flower when she left Plymouth (England), and of the changes which occurred in it afterward; and a partial knowledge of the ship’s own complement of officers and men.
Goodwin says: “The returning ones were probably of those who joined in England, and had not yet acquired the Pilgrim spirit.” Unhappily this view is not sustained by the relations of those of the number who are known. Robert Cushman and his family (3 persons), Thomas Blossom and his son (2 persons), and William Ring (1 person), a total of six, or just one third of the putative eighteen who went back, all belonged to the Leyden congregation, and were far from lacking “the Pilgrim spirit.” Cushman was both ill and heart-sore from fatigue, disappointment, and bad treatment; Ring was very ill, according to Cushman’s Dartmouth letter; but the motives governing Blossom and his son do not appear, unless the comparatively early death of the son—after which his father went to New England—furnishes a clue thereto. Bradford says: “Those that went back were, for the most part, such as were willing to do so, either out of some discontent, or fear they conceived of the ill success of the Voyage,
All the colonists still intending to go to America were now gathered in one vessel. Whatever previous disposition of them had been made, or whatever relations they might have had in the disjointed record of the exodus, were ephemeral, and are now lost sight of in the enduring interest which attaches to their final and successful “going forth” as may-Flower Pilgrims.
Bradford informs us—as already noted—that, just before the departure from Southampton, having “ordered and distributed their company for either ship, as they conceived for the best,” they “chose a Governor and two or three assistants for each ship, to order the people by the way, and see to the disposing of the provisions, and such like affairs. All which was not only with the liking of the Masters of the ships, but according to their desires.” We have seen that under this arrangement —the wisdom and necessity of which are obvious—Martin was made “Governor” on the “biger ship” and Cushman his “assistante.” Although we find no mention of the fact, it is rendered certain by the record which Bradford makes of the action of the Pilgrim company on December 11, 1620, at Cape Cod,—when they “confirmed” Deacon John Carver as “Governor,”—that he was and had been such, over the colonist passengers for the voyage (the ecclesiastical authority only remaining to Elder Brewster), Martin holding certainly no higher than the second place, made vacant by Cushman’s departure.
Thus, hardly had the Pilgrims shaken the dust of their persecuting mother-country from their feet before they set up, by popular voice (above religious authority, and even that vested by maritime law in their ships’ officers), a government of themselves, by themselves, and for themselves. It was a significant step, and the early revision they made of their choice of “governors” certifies their purpose to have only rulers who could command their confidence and respect. Dr. Young says: “We know the age of but few of the Pilgrims,” which has hitherto been true; yet by careful examination of reliable data, now available, we are able to deter mine very closely the ages of a considerable number, and approximately the years of most of the others, at the time of the exodus. No analysis, so far as known, has hitherto been made of the vocations (trades, etc.) represented by the may-Flower company. They were, as befitted those bent on founding a colony, of considerable variety, though it should be understood that the vocations given were, so far as ascertained, the callings the individuals who represented them had followed before taking ship. Several are known to have been engaged in other pursuits at some time, either before their residence in Holland, or during their earlier years there. Bradford tells us that most of the Leyden congregation (or that portion of it which came from England, in or about 1608) were agricultural people. These were chiefly obliged to acquire handicrafts or other occupations. A few, e.g. Allerton, Brewster, Bradford, Carver, Cooke, and Winslow, had possessed some means, while others had been bred to pursuits for which there was no demand in the Low Countries. Standish, bred to arms, apparently followed his profession nearly to the time of departure, and resumed it in the colony, adding thereto the calling which, in all times and
Their social (conjugal) conditions—not previously analyzed, it is thought—have been determined, it is believed, with approximate accuracy; though it is of course possible that some were married, of whom that fact does not appear, especially among the seamen.
The passengers of the may-Flower on her departure from Plymouth (England), as arranged for convenience by families, were as appears by the following lists.
While the ages given in these lists are the result of much careful study of all the latest available data, and are believed, when not exact, to be very close approximates; as it has been possible to arrive at results, in several cases, only by considerable calculation, the bases of which may not always have been entirely reliable, errors may have crept in. Though the author is aware that, in a few instances, the age stated does not agree with that assigned by other recognized authority, critical re-analysis seems to warrant and confirm the figures given.
The actual and comparative youth of the majority of the colonist leaders —the Pilgrim Fathers—is matter of comment, even of surprise, to most students of Pilgrim history, especially in view of what the Leyden congregation had experienced before embarking for America. Only two of the leaders exceeded fifty years of age, and of these Governor Carver died early. Of the principal men only nine could have been over forty, and of these Carver, Chilton, Martin, Mullins, and Priest (more than half died within a few months after landing), leaving Brewster, Warren (who died early), Cooke, and Hopkins—neither of the latter hardly forty—the seniors. One does not readily think of Alden as but twenty-one, Winslow as only twenty-five, Dr. Fuller as about thirty, Bradford as only thirty-one when chosen Governor, Allerton as thirty-two, and Captain Standish as thirty-six. Verily they were “old heads on young shoulders.” It is interesting to note that the dominant influence at all times was that of the Leyden contingent.
Of these, all except William Butten, who died upon the voyage, reached Cape Cod in safety, though some of them had become seriously ill from the hardships encountered, and Howland had narrowly escaped drowning. Two were added to the number en voyage,—Oceanus Hopkins, born upon the sea, and Peregrine White, born soon after the arrival in Cape Cod harbor. This made the total of the passenger list 103, before further depletion by death occurred, though several deaths again reduced it before the may-Flower cast anchor in Plymouth harbor, her final haven on the outward voyage.
Deacon John Carver’s place of birth or early
life is not known, but he
was an Essex County
man, and was probably not, until in middle life,
a member of Robinson’s
congregation of “Independents.” His
age is
determined by collateral
evidence.
Mrs. Katherine Carver, it has been supposed by some,
was a sister of
Pastor Robinson.
This supposition rests, apparently, upon the
expression of Robinson
in his parting letter to Carver, where he
says: “What
shall I say or write unto you and your good wife, my
loving sister?”
Neither the place of Mrs. Carver’s nativity
nor her
age is known.
Desire Minter was evidently a young girl of the Leyden
congregation,
between the ages of
fourteen and seventeen, who in some way (perhaps
through kinship) had
been taken into Carver’s family. She returned
to England early.
See ante, for account of her (probable)
parentage.
John Howland was possibly of kin to Carver and had
been apparently some
years in his family.
Bradford calls him a “man-servant,” but
it is
evident that “employee”
would be the more correct term, and that he
was much more than a
“servant.” It is observable that
Howland
signed the Compact (by
Morton’s List) before such men as Hopkins,
the Tilleys, Cooke,
Rogers, and Priest, which does not indicate much
of the “servant”
relation. His antecedents are not certainly known,
but that he was of the
Essex family of the name seems probable.
Much effort has been
made in recent years to trace his ancestry,
but without any considerable
result. His age at death (1673)
determines his age in
1620. He was older than generally supposed,
being born about 1593.
Roger Wilder is also called a “man-servant”
by Bradford, and hardly more
than this is known of
him, his death occurring early. There is no
clue to his age except
that his being called a “man-servant” would
seem to suggest that
he was of age; but the fact that he did not
sign the Compact would
indicate that he was younger, or he may have
been extremely ill,
as he died very soon after arrival.
William Latham is called a “boy” by Bradford,
though a lad of 18. It is
quite possible he was
one of those “indentured” by the corporation
of London, but there
is no direct intimation of this.
“Mrs. Carver’s maid,” it is fair
to presume, from her position as
lady’s-maid and
its requirements in those days, was a young woman of
eighteen or twenty years,
and this is confirmed by her early
marriage. Nothing
is known of her before the embarkation. She died
early.
Jasper More, Bradford says, “was a child yt
was put to him.” Further
information concerning
him is given in connection with his brother
Richard, “indentured”
to Elder Brewster. He is erroneously called
by Justin Winsor in
his “History of Duxbury” (Massachusetts)
a child
of Carver’s, as
Elizabeth Tilley is “his daughter.”
Others have
similarly erred.
Elder William Brewster’s known age at his death
determines his age in
1620. He was born
in 1566-67. His early life was full of interest
and activity, and his
life in Holland and America no less so. In
early life he filled
important stations. Steele’s “Chief
of the
Pilgrims” is a
most engaging biography of him, and there are others
hardly less so, Bradford’s
sketch being one of the best.
Mrs. Mary Brewster’s age at her death determines
it at the embarkation,
and is matter of computation.
Love Brewster was the second son of his parents, his
elder brother
Jonathan coming over afterwards.
Wrestling Brewster was but a “lad,” and his father’s third son.
Richard More and his brother, Bradford states, “were
put to him” (Elder
Brewster) as bound-boys.
For a full account of their English
origin, Richard’s
affidavit, etc., see ante. This makes him
but
about six, but he was
perhaps older.
Governor Edward Winslow’s known age at his death
fixes his age at the
time of the exodus,
and his birth is duly recorded at Droitwich, in
Worcester, England.
(See “Winslow Memorial,” David Parsons
Holton,
vol. i. p. 16.)
Mrs. Elizabeth (Barker) Winslow, the first wife of
the Governor, appears
by the data supplied
by the record of her marriage in Holland, May
27, 1618, to have been
a maiden of comporting years to her
husband’s, he
being then twenty-three. Tradition makes her
slightly
younger than her husband.
George Soule, it is evident,—like Howland,—though
denominated a
“servant”
by Bradford, was more than this, and should rather
have
been styled, as Goodwin
points out, “an employee” of Edward Winslow.
His age is approximated
by collateral evidence, his marriage, etc.
Elias Story is called “man-servant” by
Bradford, and his age is unknown.
The fact that he did
not sign the Compact indicates that he was
under age, but extreme
illness may have prevented, as he died early.
Ellen More, “a little girl that was put to him”
(Winslow), died early.
She was sister of the
other More children, “bound out” to Carver
and
Brewster, of whom extended
mention has been made.
Governor William Bradford’s date of birth fixes
his age in 1620. His
early home was at Austerfield,
in Yorkshire. Belknap ("American
Biography,” vol.
ii. p. 218) says: “He learned the art of
silk-dyeing.”
Mrs. Dorothy (May) Bradford’s age (the first
wife of the Governor) is
fixed at twenty-three
by collateral data, but she may have been
older. She was
probably from Wisbeach, England. The manner of
her
tragic death (by drowning,
having fallen overboard from the ship in
Cape Cod harbor), the
first violent death in the colony, was
especially sad, her
husband being absent for a week afterward. It
is not known that her
body was recovered.
Dr. Samuel Fuller, from his marriage record at Leyden,
made in 1613, when
he was a widower, it
is fair to assume was about thirty, perhaps
older, in 1620, as he
could, when married, have hardly been under
twenty-one. His
(third) wife and child were left in Holland.
William Butten (who died at sea, November 6/16), Bradford
calls
“a youth.”
He was undoubtedly a “servant"-assistant to
the doctor.
Isaac Allerton, it is a fair assumption, was about
thirty-four in 1620,
from the fact that he
married his first wife October 4, 1611, as he
was called “a
young man” in the Leyden marriage record.
He is
called “of London,
England,” by Bradford and on the Leyden records.
He was made a “freeman”
of Leyden, February 7, 1614. Arber and
others state that his
early occupation was that of “tailor,”
but he
was later a tradesman
and merchant.
Mary (Norris) Allerton is called a “maid of
Newbury in England,” in the
Leyden record of her
marriage, in October, 1611, and it is the only
hint as to her age we
have. She was presumably a young woman.
Her
death followed (a month
later) the birth of her still-born son, on
board the may-Flower
in Plymouth harbor, February 25/March 7, 1621.
Bartholomew Allerton, born probably in 1612/13 (his
parents married
October, 1611), was
hence, as stated, about seven or eight years old
at the embarkation.
He has been represented as older, but this was
clearly impossible.
He was doubtless born in Holland.
Remember Allerton, apparently Allerton’s second
child, has (with a
novelist’s license)
been represented by Mrs. Austin as considerably
older than six, in fact
nearer sixteen (Goodwin, p. 183, says,
“over 13"), but
the known years of her mother’s marriage and
her
brother’s birth
make this improbable. She was, no doubt, born
in
Holland about 1614—She
married Moses Maverick by 1635, and Thomas
Weston’s only
child, Elizabeth, was married from her house at
Marblehead to Roger
Conant, son of the first “governor” of
a
Massachusetts Bay “plantation.”
Mary Allerton, apparently the third child, could hardly
have been much
more than four years
old in 1620, though Goodwin ("Pilgrim
Republic,” p.
184) calls her eleven, which is an error. She
was
probably born in Holland
about 1616. She was the last survivor of
the passengers of the
may-Flower, dying at Plymouth, New England,
1699.
John Hooke, described by Bradford as a “servant-boy,”
was probably but a
youth. He did
not sign the Compact. Nothing further is known
of him
except that he died
early. It is quite possible that he may have
been of London and have
been “indentured” by the municipality to
Allerton, but the presumption
has been that he came, as body-servant
of Allerton, with him
from Leyden.
Captain Standish’s years in 1620 are conjectural
(from fixed data), as is
his age at death.
His early home was at Duxborough Hall, in
Lancashire. His
commission as Captain, from Queen Elizabeth, would
make his birth about
1584. Rose Standish, his wife, is said by
tradition to have been
from the Isle of Man, but nothing is known of
her age or antecedents,
except that she was younger than the
Captain. She died
during the “general sickness,” early in
1621.
Master Christopher Martin, as previously noted, was
from Billerica, in
Essex. From collateral
data it appears that he must have been
“about forty”
years old when he joined the Pilgrims. He appears
to
have been a staunch
“Independent” and to have drawn upon himself
the
ire of the Archdeacon
of Chelmsford, (probably) by his loud-mouthed
expression of his views,
as only “a month before the may-Flower
sailed” he, with
his son and Solomon Prower of his household
(probably a relative),
were cited before the archdeacon to answer
for their shortcomings,
especially in reverence for this church
dignitary. He
seems to have been at all times a self-conceited,
arrogant, and unsatisfactory
man. That he was elected treasurer
and ship’s “governor”
and permitted so much unbridled liberty as
appears, is incomprehensible.
It was probably fortunate that he
died early, as he did,
evidently in utter poverty. He had a son,
in 1620, apparently
quite a grown youth, from which it is fair to
infer that the father
was at that time “about forty.” Of
his wife
nothing is known.
She also died early.
Solomon Prower, who is called by Bradford both “son”
and “servant” of
Martin, seems from the
fact of his “citation” before the Archdeacon
of Chelmsford, etc.,
to have been something more than a “servant,”
possibly a kinsman,
or foster-son, and probably would more properly
have been termed an
“employee.” He was from Billerica,
in Essex,
and was, from the fact
that he did not sign the Compact, probably
under twenty-one or
very ill at the time. He died early. Of
John
Langemore, his fellow
“servant,” nothing is known, except that
he is
spoken of by Young as
one of two “children” brought over by Martin
(but on no apparent
authority), and he did not sign the Compact,
though this might have
been from extreme illness, as he too died
early.
William White was of the Leyden congregation.
He is wrongly called by
Davis a son of Bishop
John White, as the only English Bishop of that
name and time died a
bachelor. At White’s marriage, recorded
at the
Stadthaus at Leyden,
January 27/February 1, 1612, to Anna [Susanna]
Fuller, he is called
“a young man of England.” As he presumably
was
of age at that time,
he must have been at least some twenty-nine or
thirty years old at
the embarkation, eight years later. His son
Peregrine was born in
Cape Cod harbor. Mr. White died very early.
Susanna (Fuller) White, wife of William, and sister
of Dr. Fuller (?),
was apparently somewhat
younger than her first husband and perhaps
older than her second.
She must, in all probability (having been
married in Leyden in
1612), have been at least twenty-five at the
embarkation eight years
later. Her second husband, Governor
Winslow, was but twenty-five
in 1620, and the presumption is that
she was slightly his
senior. There appears no good reason for
ascribing to her the
austere and rather unlovable characteristics
which the pen of Mrs.
Austin has given her.
Resolved White, the son of William and Susanna White,
could not have been
more than six or seven
years old, and is set down by Goodwin and
others—on
what seems inconclusive evidence—at five.
He was
doubtless born at Leyden.
William Holbeck is simply named as “a servant”
of White, by Bradford.
His age does not appear,
but as he did not sign the Compact he was
probably “under
age.” From the fact that he died early,
it is
possible that he was
too ill to sign.
Edward Thompson is named by Bradford as a second “servant”
of Master
White, but nothing more
is known of him, except that he did not sign
the Compact, and was
therefore probably in his nonage, unless
prevented by severe
sickness. He died very early.
Master William Mullens (or Molines, as Bradford some
times calls him) is
elsewhere shown to have
been a tradesman of some means, of Dorking,
in Surrey, one of the
Merchant Adventurers, and a man of ability.
From the fact that he
left a married daughter (Mrs. Sarah Blunden)
and a son (William)
a young man grown, in England, it is evident
that he must have been
forty years old or more when he sailed for
New England, only to
die aboard the ship in New Plymouth harbor.
That he was not a French
Huguenot of the Leyden contingent, as
pictured by Rev. Dr.
Baird and Mrs. Austin, is certain.
Mrs. Alice Mullens, whose given name we know only
from her husband’s
will, filed in London,
we know little about. Her age was (if she
was his first wife)
presumably about that of her husband, whom she
survived but a short
time.
Joseph Mullens was perhaps older than his sister Priscilla,
and the third
child of his parents;
but the impression prevails that he was
slightly her junior,—on
what evidence it is hard to say. That he
was sixteen is rendered
certain by the fact that he is reckoned by
his father, in his will,
as representing a share in the planter’s
half-interest in the
colony, and to do so must have been of that
age.
Priscilla Mullens, whom the glamour of unfounded romance
and the pen of
the poet Longfellow
have made one of the best known and best beloved
of the Pilgrim band,
was either a little older, or younger, than her
brother Joseph, it is
not certain which. But that she was over
sixteen is made certain
by the same evidence as that named
concerning her brother.
Robert Carter is named by Bradford as a “man-servant,”
and Mrs. Austin,
in her imaginative “Standish
of Standish,” which is never to be
taken too literally,
has made him (see p. 181 of that book) “a dear
old servant,”
whom Priscilla Mullens credits with carrying her in
his arms when a small
child, etc. Both Bradford’s mention
and Mr.
Mullens’s will
indicate that he was yet a young man and “needed
looking after.”
He did not sign the Compact, which of itself
indicates nonage, unless
illness was the cause, of which, in his
case, there is no evidence,
until later.
Richard Warren, as he had a wife and five pretty well
grown daughters,
must have been forty-five
or more when he came over. He is
suggested to have been
from Essex.
Stephen Hopkins is believed to have been a “lay-reader”
with Mr. Buck,
chaplain to Governor
Gates, of the Bermuda expedition of 1609 (see
Purchas, vol. iv. p.
174). As he could hardly have had this
appointment, or have
taken the political stand he did, until of
age, he must have been
at least twenty-one at that time. If so, he
would have been not
less than thirty two years old in 1620, and was
probably considerably
older, as his son Giles is represented by
Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic,”
p. 184) as being “about 15.” If the
father was but twenty-one
when the son was born, he must have been
at least thirty-seven
when he became a may-Flower Pilgrim.
The
probabilities are that
he was considerably older. His English home
is not known.
Professor Arber makes an error (The Story of the
Pilgrim Fathers,”
p. 261) in regard to Hopkins which, unless noted,
might lead to other
and more serious mistakes. Noting the
differences between
John Pierce and a Master Hopkins, heard before
the Council for New
England, May 5/15, 1623, Arber designates Master
Hopkins as “Stephen”
(on what authority does not appear), and leaves
Mrs. Elizabeth Hopkins, nothing is known concerning,
except that she was
not her husband’s
first wife. Sometime apparently elapsed between
her husband’s
marriages.
Giles Hopkins we only know was the son of his father’s
first wife, and
“about 15.”
An error (of the types presumably) makes Griffis ("The
Pilgrims in their Three
Homes,” p. 176) give the name of Oceanus
Hopkins’s father
as Giles, instead of Stephen. Constance (or
Constantia) Hopkins
was apparently about eleven years old in 1620,
as she married in 1627,
and probably was then not far from eighteen
years old. Damaris
Hopkins, the younger daughter of Master Hopkins,
was probably a very
young child when she came in the may-Flower,
but
her exact age has not
been as certained. Davis, as elsewhere noted,
makes the singular mistake
of saying she was born after her parents
arrived in New England.
She married Jacob Cooke, and the
ante-nuptial agreement
of his parents is believed to be the
earliest of record in
America, except that between Gregory
Armstrong and the widow
Billington.
Edward Dotey is called by Bradford “a servant,”
but nothing is known of
his age or antecedents.
It is very certain from the fact that he
signed the Compact that
he was twenty-one. He was a very energetic
man. He seems to
have been married before coming to New England, or
soon after.
Edward Leister (the name is variously spelled) was
a “servant,” by
Bradford’s record.
He was doubtless of age, as he signed the
Compact.
Master John Crackstone, being (apparently) a widower
with a son, a child
well grown, was evidently
about thirty five years old when he
embarked for New England.
He left a daughter behind. He died early.
John Crackstone, Jr., was but a lad, and died early.
Master Edward Tilley (sometimes spelled Tillie) and
his wife Ann seem to
have been without children
of their own, and as they took with them
to New England two children
who were their kindred, it may be
inferred that they had
been married some little time. It is hence
probable that Mr. Tilley
was in the neighborhood of thirty. His
wife’s age is
purely conjectural. They were, Bradford states,
“of
the Leyden congregation.”
Henry Sampson was apparently but a young English lad
when he came over in
the may-Flower
with his cousins the Tilleys. As he married in
1636,
he was probably then
about twenty-one, which would make him five or
six when he came over.
Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic,” p. 184) says he
was “six.”
Humility Cooper is said by Bradford to have been a
“cosen” of the
Tilleys, but no light
is given as to her age or antecedents. She
was but a child, apparently.
She returned to England very soon
after the death of Mr.
and Mrs. Tilley, and “died young.”
Master John Tilley, having twice married, and having
a daughter some
fourteen years old,
must have been over thirty-five years old when
he sailed on the Pilgrim
ship. His birthplace and antecedents are
not known, but he was
“of the Leyden congregation.”
Mrs. Bridget (Van der Velde) Tilley was just possibly
a second wife.
Nothing is known concerning
her except that she was of Holland, and
that she had, apparently,
no child.
Elizabeth Tilley is said by Goodwin (op. cit. p.
298) and others to have
been fourteen years
old at her parents’ death in 1621, soon after
the arrival in New England.
She was the child of her father’s first
wife. She married
John Howland before 1624. Historians for many
years called her the
“daughter of Governor Carver,” but the
recovery
of Bradford’s
Ms. “historie” corrected this, with
many other
misconceptions, though
to some the error had become apparent before.
Her will also suggests
her age.
Francis Cooke’s age in 1620 is fixed by his
known age at his death
("about 81”) in
1663. He was from the north of England, and long
a
member of Robinson’s
congregation, both in England and in
Holland(?).
John Cooke, son of Francis, is known to have been
about ten years old
when he sailed with
his father for America, as his parents did not
marry before 1609.
He was undoubtedly born at Leyden. He was long
supposed to have been
the last male survivor of the original
passengers (dying at
Dartmouth in 1695.)
James Chilton’s antecedents and his age are
quite unknown. He must have
been at least fifty,
as he had a married daughter in Leyden,
according to Bradford.
He died among the first, and there is
nothing of record to
inform us concerning him, except Bradford’s
meagre mention.
He may have lived at Leyden.
Mrs. Chilton’s given name is declared by one
writer to have been Susanna,
but it is not clearly
proven. Whence she came, her ancestry, and
her age, are alike unknown.
Mary Chilton was but a young girl in 1620. She
married, before 1627,
John Winslow, and was
probably not then over twenty, nor over
fourteen when she came
with her parents in the may-Flower.
Thomas Rogers appears, from the fact that he had a
son, a lad well-grown,
to have been thirty
or more in 1620. His birthplace, antecedents,
and history are unknown,
but he appears to have been “of the Leyden
congregation.”
His wife and children came later.
Joseph Rogers was only a “lad” aboard
the may-Flower, but he left a
considerable posterity.
Nothing is surely known of him, except that
he was Thomas’s
son.
Degory Priest had the distinction of being “freeman”
of Leyden, having
been admitted such,
November 16, 1615. He was by occupation a
“hatter,”
a man of some means, who left a wife and at least two
children in Holland
when he embarked for America. His known age at
death gives his age
at sailing but a few months previous. At his
marriage in Leyden,
October 4, 1611, he was called “of London.”
He
was about thirty-two
when he married. His wife (a widow Vincent)
was a sister of Isaac
Allerton, who also was married at the same
time that he was.
Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic,” p. 183) also gives
his age as “forty-one.”
His widow remarried and came over later.
Dexter ("Mourt’s
Relation,” p. 69, note) states, quoting from
Leyden
Ms. records, that
“Degory Priest in April, 1619, calling himself
a
‘hatter,’
deposes that he ‘is forty years of age.’”
He must,
therefore, have been
about forty-one when he sailed on the
may-Flower,
and forty-two years old at his death.
John Rigdale and his wife Alice afford no data.
They both died early,
and there is no record
concerning either of them beyond the fact
that they were passengers.
Edward Fuller and his wife have left us little record
of themselves save
that they were of Leyden,
that he is reputed a brother of Dr. Samuel
Fuller (for whom they
seem to have named the boy they brought over
with them,—leaving
apparently another son, Matthew, behind), and
that both died the first
winter. He must have been at least
twenty-five, judging
from the fact that he was married and had two
children, and was perhaps
somewhat older (though traditionally
represented as younger)
than his brother. Neither his occupation
nor antecedents are
surely known.
Samuel Fuller—the son of Edward Fuller
and his wife—is called by
Bradford “a young
child.” He must have been some five or
six years
of age, as he married
in 1635, fifteen years later, and would
presumably have been
of age, or nearly so.
Thomas Tinker’s name, the mention of his “wife”
and “son,” the tradition
that they were “of
the Leyden congregation” (which is not sure),
the
certainty that they
were may-Flower passengers,—on
Brad ford’s
list,—and
that all died early, are all we know of the Tinker
family.
John Turner and his two sons we know little about.
He seems to have been
a widower, as no mention
is found of his wife, though this is not
certain. He was
of the Leyden congregation, and evidently a man of
some standing with the
leaders, as he was made their messenger to
Carver and Cushman in
London, in June, 1620, and was apparently
accustomed to travel.
He appears to have had business of his own in
England at the time,
and was apparently a man of sober age. As he
had three children,—a
daughter who came later to New England, and
two sons, as stated
by Bradford,—it is probable that he was
thirty
or over. He and
both his sons died in the spring of 1621.
Francis Eaton was of Leyden, a carpenter, and, having
a wife and child,
was probably a young
man about twenty five, perhaps a little
younger. He married
three times.
Mrs. Sarah Eaton, wife of Francis, was evidently a
young woman, with an
infant, at the date
of embarkation. Nothing more is known of her,
except that she died
the spring following the arrival at Plymouth.
Samuel Eaton, the son of Francis and his wife, Sarah,
Bradford calls “a
sucking child:”
He lived to marry.
Gilbert Window was the third younger brother of Governor
Edward Winslow,
and is reputed to have
been a carpenter. He was born on Wednesday,
October 26, 1600, at
Droitwitch, in Worcester, England. ("Winslow
Memorial,” vol.
i. p. 23.) He apparently did not remain long in
the colony, as he does
not appear in either the “land division”
of
1623 or the “cattle
division” of 1627; and hence was probably not
then in the “settlement,”
though land was later allowed his heirs,
he having been an “original”
voyager of the Plymouth colony. He was
but twenty years and
fifteen days old when he signed the Compact,
but probably was—from
his brother’s prominence and his nearness to
his majority—counted
as eligible. Bradford states that he returned
to England after “divers
years” in New England, and died there. It
has been suggested that
he went very early to some of the other
“plantations.”
John Alden was of Southampton, England, was hired
as “a cooper,” was
twenty-one years old
in 1620, as determined by the year of his
birth, 1599 ("Alden
Memorial,” p. 1), and became the most prominent
and useful of any of
the English contingent of the may Flower
Peter Browne we know little concerning. That
he was a man of early
middle age is inferable
from the fact that he married the widow
Martha Ford, who came
in the Fortune in 1621. As she then was
the
mother of three children,
it is improbable that she would have
married a very young
man. He appears, from certain collateral
evidence, to have been
a mechanic of some kind, but it is not clear
what his handicraft
was or whence he came.
John Billington (Bradford sometimes spells it Billinton)
and his family,
Bradford tells us, “were
from London.” They were evidently an
ill-conditioned lot,
and unfit for the company of the planters, and
Bradford says, “I
know not by what friend shuffled into their
Company.”
As he had a wife and two children, the elder of whom
must
have been about sixteen
years old, he was apparently over
thirty-five years of
age. There is a tradition that he was a
countryman bred, which
certain facts seem to confirm. (See land
allotments for data
as to age of boys, 1632.) He was the only one
of the original colonists
to suffer the “death penalty” for crime.
Mrs. Ellen (or “Elen”) Billington, as
Bradford spells the name, was
evidently of comporting
age to her husband’s, perhaps a little
younger. Their
two sons, John and Francis, were lively urchins who
frequently made matters
interesting for the colonists, afloat and
ashore. The family
was radically bad throughout, but they have had
not a few worthy descendants.
Mrs. Billington married Gregory
Armstrong, and their
antenuptial agreement is the first of record
known in America.
John Billington, Jr., is always first named of his
father’s two sons, and
hence the impression
prevails that he was the elder, and Bradford so
designates him.
The affidavit of Francis Billington (Plymouth
County, Mass., Deeds,
vol. i. p. 81), dated 1674, in which he
declares himself sixty-eight
years old, would indicate that he was
born in 1606, and hence
must have been about fourteen years of age
when he came on the
may-Flower to New Plymouth. If John,
his
brother, was older than
he, he must have been born about 1604, and
so was about sixteen
when, he came to New England. The indications
are that it was Francis,
the younger son, who got hold of the
gunpowder in his father’s
cabin in Cape Cod harbor, and narrowly
missed blowing up the
ship. John died before 1630. Francis lived,
as appears, to good
age, and had a family.
Moses Fletcher was of the Leyden company, a “smith,”
and at the time of
his second marriage
at Leyden, November 30/December 21, 1613, was
called a “widower”
and “of England.” As he was probably
of age at
the time of his first
marriage,—presumably two years or more before
his last,—he
must have been over thirty in 1620. He was perhaps
again a widower when
he came over, as no mention is made of his
having wife or family.
He was possibly of the Amsterdam family of
that name. His
early death was a great loss to the colony.
A Thomas Williams is mentioned by Hon. Henry C Murphy
("Historical
Magazine,” vol.
iii. pp. 358, 359), in a list of some of Robinson’s
congregation who did
not go to New England in either the may-Flower,
Fortune, Anne,
Or little James. He either overlooked
the fact that
Williams was one of
the may-Flower passengers, or else there
were
two of the name, one
of whom did not go. Nothing is known of the
age or former history
of the Pilgrim of that name. He died in the
spring of 1621 (before
the end of March). As he signed the Compact,
he must have been over
twenty-one. He may have left a wife, Sarah.
John Goodman we know little more about than that he
and Peter Browne seem
to have been “lost”
together, on one occasion (when he was badly
frozen), and to have
had, with his little spaniel dog, a rencontre
with “two great
wolves,” on another. He was twice married,
the last
time at Leyden in 1619.
He died before the end of March, 1621.
As he signed the Compact,
he must have been over twenty-one.
Edward Margeson we know nothing about. As he
signed the Compact, he was
presumably of age.
Richard Britteridge affords little data. His
age, birthplace, or
occupation do not transpire,
but he was, it seems, according to
Bradford, the first
of the company to die on board the ship after
she had cast anchor
in the harbor of New Plymouth. This fact
negatives the pleasant
fiction of Mrs. Austin’s “Standish of
Standish” (p.
104), that Britteridge was one of those employed in
cutting sedge on shore
on Friday, January 12. Poor Britteridge died
December 21, three weeks
earlier. He signed the Compact, and hence
may be accounted of
age at the landing at Cape Cod.
Richard Clarke appears only as one of the passengers
and as dying before
the end of March.
He signed the Compact, and hence was doubtless
twenty-one or over.
Richard Gardiner, we know from Bradford, “became
a seaman and died in
England or at sea.”
He was evidently a young man, but of his age or
antecedents nothing
appears. He signed the Compact, and hence was
at least twenty-one
years old.
John Alderton (sometimes spelled Allerton), we are
told by Bradford,—as
elsewhere noted,—“was
hired, but was reputed one of the company,
but was to go back,
being a seaman and so, presumably, unmindful of
the voyages, for the
help of others.” Whether Bradford intended
by
the latter clause to
indicate that he had left his family behind,
and came “to spy
out the land,” and, if satisfied, to return for
them, or was to return
for the counsel and assistance of Robinson
and the rest, who were
to follow, is not clear, but the latter view
has most to support
it. We learn his occupation, but can only infer
that he was a young
man over twenty-one from the above and the fact
that he signed the Compact.
It has been suggested that he was a
relative of Isaac Allerton,
but this is nowhere shown and is
improbable. He
died before the may-Flower returned to England.
Thomas English (or Enlish), Bradford tells us ("Historie,”
Mass. ed.
p. 533), “was
hired to goe Master of a [the] shallop here.”
He,
however, “died
here before the ship returned.” It is altogether
probable that he was
the savior of the colony on that stormy night
William Trevore was, according to Bradford, one of
“two seamen hired to
stay a year in the countrie.”
He went back when his time expired,
but later returned to
New England. Cushman (Bradford, “Historie,”
p. 122) suggests that
he was telling “sailors’ yarns.”
He says:
“For William Trevore
hath lavishly told but what he knew or imagined
of Capewock Martha’s
Vineyard, Monhiggon, and ye Narragansetts.”
In
1629 he was at Massachusetts
Bay in command of the handmaid
(Goodwin, p. 320), and
in February, 1633 (Winthrop, vol. i. p. 100),
he seems to have been
in command of the ship William at Plymouth,
with passengers for
Massachusetts Bay. Captain Standish testified
in regard to Thompson’s
Island in Boston harbor, that about 1620 he
“was on that Island
with Trevore,” and called it “Island Trevore.”
(Bradford, “Historie,”
Deane’s ed. p. 209.) He did not sign the
Compact, perhaps because
of the limitations of his contract (one
year).
—– Ely (not Ellis, as Arber miscalls
him, “The Story of the Pilgrim
Fathers,” p. 377)
was the other of the “two seamen hired to stay
a
year,” etc.
He also returned when his time expired. (Bradford,
Hist. Mass. ed.
p. 534.) He did not sign the Compact, probably for
the reason operative
in .Trevore’s case. A digest of the foregoing
data gives the following
interesting, if incomplete, data (errors
excepted):—
Adult males (hired seamen and servants of age included)... 44 Adult females (including Mrs. Carver’s maid).............. 19 Youths, male children, and male servants, minors.......... 29 Maidens, female children.................................. 10 ------- 102
Married males............................................. 26 Married females........................................... 18 Single (adult) males (and young men)...................... 25 Single (adult) females (Mrs. Carver’s maid)............... 1
Vocations of adults so far as known (except wives, who are presumed housekeepers for their husbands):—
Carpenters.............................................
... 2 Cooper.................................................... 1 Fustian-worker and silk-dyer.............................. 1 Hatter.................................................... 1 Lay-reader................................................ 1 Lady’s-maid............................................... 1 Merchants................................................. 3 Physician................................................. 1 Printers and publishers................................... 2 Seamen.................................................... 4 Servants (adult).......................................... 10 Smith..................................................... 1 Soldier................................................... 1 Tailor.................................................... 1 Tradesmen................................................. 2 Wool-carders.............................................. 2
Allowing for the addition of Wilder and the two sailors, Trevore and Ely, who did not sign it, the number of those who signed the Compact tallies exactly with the adult males. Besides these occupations, it is known that several of the individuals representing them were skilled in other callings, and were at some time teachers, accountants, linguists, writers, etc., while some had formerly practised certain handicrafts; Dr. Fuller, e.g. having formerly been a “silk-worker,” Brad ford (on the authority of Belknap), a “silk-dyer,” and others “fustian-workers.” Hopkins had apparently sometime before dropped his character of “lay-reader,” and was a pretty efficient man of affairs, but his vocation at the time of the exodus is not known.
The former occupations of fourteen of the adult colonists, Browne, Billington, Britteridge, Cooke, Chilton, Clarke, Crackstone, Goodman, Gardiner, Rogers, Rigdale, Turner, Warren, and Williams are not certainly known. There is evidence suggesting that Browne was a mechanic; Billington and Cooke had been trained to husbandry; that Chilton had been a small tradesman; that Edward Tilley had been, like his brother, a silk-worker; that Turner was a tradesman, and Warren a farmer; while it is certain that Cooke, Rogers, and Warren had been men of some means.
Of the above list of fourteen men whose last occupations before joining the colonists are unknown, only five, viz. Browne, Billington, Cooke, Gardiner, and Warren lived beyond the spring of 1621. Of these, Warren died early, Gardiner left the colony and “became a seaman;” the other three, Billington, Browne, and Cooke, became “planters.” Thomas Morton, of “Merry Mount,” in his “New Eng land’s Canaan” (p. 217), gives Billington the sobriquet “Ould Woodman.”
The early deaths of the others make their former handicrafts—except as so much data pertaining to the composi tion and history of the colony— matters of only ephemeral interest.
QUARTERS, COOKING, PROVISIONS
Probably no more vexatious problem presented itself for the time being to the “governors” of the two vessels and their “assistants,” upon their selection, than the assignment of quarters to the passengers allotted to their respective ships. That these allotments were in a large measure determined by the requirements of the women and children may be considered certain. The difficulties attendant on due recognition of social and official station (far more imperative in that day than this) were in no small degree lessened by the voluntary assignment of themselves, already mentioned, of some of the Leyden chief people to the smaller ship; but in the interests of the general welfare and of harmony, certain of the leaders, both of the Leyden and London contingents, were of necessity provided for in the larger vessel. The allotments to the respective ships made at Southampton, the designation of quarters in the ships themselves, and the final readjustments upon the may-Flower at Plymouth (England), when the remaining passengers of both ships had been united, were all necessarily determined chiefly with regard to the needs of the women, girls, and babes. Careful analysis of the list shows that there were, requiring this especial consideration, nineteen women, ten young girls, and one infant. Of the other children, none were so young that they might not readily bunk with or near their fathers in any part of the ship in which the latter might be located.
We know enough of the absolute unselfishness and devotion of all the Leyden leaders, whatever their birth or station,—so grandly proven in those terrible days of general sickness and death at New Plymouth,—to be certain that with them, under all circumstances, it was noblesse oblige, and that no self-seeking would actuate them here. It should be remembered that the may-Flower was primarily a passenger transport, her passengers being her principal freight and occupying the most of the ship, the heavier cargo being chiefly confined to the “hold.” As in that day the passenger traffic was, of course, wholly by sailing vessels, they were built with cabin accommodations for it, as to numbers, etc., proportionately much beyond those of the sailing craft of to-day. The testimony of Captain John Smith, “the navigator,” as to the passengers of the may-Flower “lying wet in their cabins,” and that of Bradford as to Billington’s “cabin between decks,” already quoted, is conclusive as to the fact that she had small cabins (the “staterooms” of to-day), intended chiefly, no doubt, for women and children. The advice of Edward Winslow to his friend George Morton, when the latter was about to come to New England in the Anne, “build your cabins as open as possible,” is suggestive of close cabins and their discomforts endured upon the may-Flower. It also suggests that the chartering-party was expected in those days to control, if not to do, the “fitting up” of the ship for her voyage. In view of the usual “breadth of beam” of ships of her class and tonnage, aft, and the fore and aft length of the poop, it is not unreasonable to suppose that there were not less than four small cabins on either side of the common (open) cabin or saloon (often depicted as the signing-place of the Compact), under the high poop deck. Constructed on the general plan of such rooms or cabins to-day (with four single berths, in tiers of two on either hand), there would be—if the women and girls were conveniently distributed among them—space for all except the Billingtons, who we know had a cabin (as had also doubtless several of the principal men) built between decks. This would also leave an after cabin for the Master, who not infrequently made his quarters, and those of his chief officer, in the “round house,” when one existed, especially in a crowded ship.
Cabins and bunks “between decks” would provide for all of the males of the company, while the seamen, both of the crew and (some of) those in the employ of the Pilgrims—like Trevore and Ely—were no doubt housed in the fore castle. Alderton and English seem to have been counted “of the company.” The few data we have permit us to confidently assume that some such disposition of the passengers was (necessarily) made, and that but for the leaky decks, the inseparable discomforts of the sea, and those of over crowding, the wives of the Pilgrims (three of whom gave birth to children aboard the ship), and their daughters, were fairly “berthed.”
Bradford is authority for the statement that with the “governor” of the ship’s company were chosen “two or three assistants . . . to order [regulate] the people by the way [on the passage] and see to the disposition of the provisions,” etc. The last-named duty must have been a most difficult and wearisome one. From what has been shown of the poverty of the ship’s cooking facilities (especially for so large a company), one must infer that it would be hopeless to expect to cook food in any quantity, except when all conditions favored, and then but slowly and with much difficulty. From the fact that so many would require food at practically the same hours of the day, it is clear that there must have been distribution of food (principally uncooked) to groups or families, who, with the aid of servants (when available), must each have prepared their own meals, cooking as occasion and opportunity indicated; much after the manner of the steerage passengers in later days, but before those of the great ocean liners. There appears to have been but one cook for the officers and crew of the ship, and his hands were doubtless full with their demands. It is certain that his service to the passengers must have been very slight. That “the cook” is named as one of the ship’s crew who died in Plymouth harbor (New England) is all the knowledge we have concerning him.
The use of and dependence upon tea and coffee, now so universal, and at sea so seemingly indispensable, was then unknown, beer supplying their places, and this happily did not have to be prepared with fire. “Strong waters”—Holland gin and to some extent “aqua vitae” (brandy)—were relied upon for the (supposed) maintenance of warmth. Our Pilgrim Fathers were by no means “total abstainers,” and sadly bewailed being deprived of their beer when the supply failed. They also made general and habitual (moderate) use of wine and spirits, though they sharply interdicted and promptly punished their abuse.
In the absence of cooking facilities, it became necessary in that day to rely chiefly upon such articles of food as did not require to be prepared by heat, such as biscuit (hard bread), butter, cheese ("Holland cheese” was a chief staple with the Pilgrims), “haberdyne” (or dried salt codfish), smoked herring, smoked ("cured “) ham and bacon, “dried neat’s tongues,” preserved and “potted” meats (a very limited list in that day), fruits, etc. Mush, oatmeal, pease-puddings, pickled eggs, sausage meats, salt beef and pork, bacon, “spiced beef,” such few vegetables as they had (chiefly cabbages, turnips, and onions,—there were no potatoes in that day), etc., could be cooked in quantity, when the weather permitted, and would then be eaten cold.
Except as dried or preserved fruits, vegetables (notably onions), limes, lemon juice, and the free use of vinegar feebly counteracted, their food was distinctively stimulant of scorbutic and tuberculosis disease, which constant exposure to cold and wet and the overcrowded state of the ship could but increase and aggravate. Bradford narrates of one of the crew of the may-Flower when in Plymouth harbor, as suggestive of the wretched conditions prevalent in the ship, that one of his shipmates, under an agreement to care for him, “got him a little spice and made him a mess of beef, once or twice,” and then deserted him.
Josselyn, in his “Two Voyages to New England,” gives as the result of the experience and observations had in his voyages, but a few years later, much that is interesting and of exceptional value as to the food and equipment of passengers to, and colonists in, this part of America. It has especial interest, perhaps, for the author and his readers, in the fact that Josselyn’s statements were not known until after the data given in these pages had been independently worked out from various sources, and came therefore as a gratifying confirmation of the conclusions already reached.
Josselyn says as to food, as follows:—“The common proportion of victuals for the sea to a mess (being 4 men) is as followeth:—
“2 pieces of Beef of 3 lb. 1/4 apiece. Pork seems to have been inadvertently omitted.
“Four pounds of Bread [ship-bread].
“One pint & 1/2 of Pease.
“Four Gallons of Bear [Beer], with mustard and vinegar for 3 flesh days in the week.”
“For four fish days to each mess per day:—
“Two pieces of Codd or Haberdine, making 3 pieces of a fish, i.e. a dried salt cod being divided into three pieces, 2 of those pieces were to be a day’s ration for 4 men.
“Four pounds of Bread.
“Three-quarters of a pound of cheese.
“Bear as before.”
“Oatmeal per day for 50 men 1 Gallon [dry], and so proportionable for more or fewer.”
“Thus you see the ship’s provision is Beefe and Porke, Fish, Butter, Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Water-Gruel, Bisket, and six shilling Bear.”
“For private fresh provision you may carry with you (in case you or any of yours should be sick at sea):—
“Conserves of Roses, Clove-Gilliflowers, Wormwood, Green-Ginger, Burnt-Wine, English Spirits, Prunes to stew, Raisons of the Sun, Currence [currants], Sugar, Nutmeg, Mace, Cinnamon, Pepper and Ginger, White Bisket, Butter, or ‘Captains biscuit,’ made with wheat flour or Spanish Rusk, Eggs, Rice, Juice of Lemons, well put up to cure or prevent the Scurvy, Small Skillets, Pipkins, Porringers and small Frying Pans.”
Josselyn further gives us an estimate for:—
“Victuals for a whole year to be carried out of England for one man and so for more after this rate.” He annexed also their current prices:—
“Eight bushels of Meal [Rye meal probably intended]
Two bushels of Pease at 3/s
Two bushels of Oatmeal at 4s/6d
One Gallon of Aqua Vitae
One Gallon of Oyl
Two Gallons of Vinegar
[No estimate of Beef or Pork, or of vegetables, is
included.]
A Hogshead of English Bear
A Hogshead of Irish Bear
A Hogshead of Vinegar
A bushel of Mustard seed
A Kental [Quintal] of fish, Cod or Haberdine, 112
lb.”
Edward Window, in his letter to George Morton before mentioned, advising him as to his voyage, says: “Bring juice of lemons and take it fasting. It is of good use.”
It is indeed remarkable that, totally unused to any such conditions, wet, cold, poorly fed, overcrowded, storm-tossed, bruised and beaten, anxious, and with no homes to welcome them, exposed to new hardships and dangers on landing, worn and exhausted, any of the may-FLOWER’S company survived. It certainly cannot be accounted strange that infectious diseases, once started among them, should have run through their ranks like fire, taking both old and young. Nor is it strange that—though more inured to hardship and the conditions of sea life—with the extreme and unusual exposure of boat service on the New England coast in mid winter, often wading in the icy water and living aboard ship in a highly infected atmosphere, the seamen should have succumbed to disease in almost equal ratio with the colonists. The author is prepared, after careful consideration, to accept and professionally indorse, with few exceptions, the conclusions as to the probable character of the decimating diseases of the passengers and crew of the may-Flower, so ably and interestingly presented by Dr. Edward E. Cornwall in the “New England Magazine” for February, 1897—From the fact that Edward Thompson, Jasper More, and Master James Chilton died within a month of the arrival at Cape Cod (and while the ship lay in that harbor), and following the axiom of vital statistics that “for each death two are constantly sick,” there must have been some little (though not to say general) sickness on the may-Flower when she arrived at Cape Cod. It would, in view of the hardship of the voyage, have been very remarkable if this had not been the case. It would have been still more remarkable if the ill-conditioned, thin-blooded, town-bred “servants” and apprentices had not suffered first and most. It is significant that eight out of nine of the male “servants” should have died in the first four months. It was impossible that scurvy should not have been prevalent with both passengers and crew.
THE MAY-FLOWER’S LADING
Beside her human freight of one hundred and thirty or more passengers and crew, the lading of the may-Flower when she sailed from Plymouth (England), September 6/16, 1620, was considerable and various. If clearing at a custom-house of to-day her manifest would excite no little interest and surprise. Taking no account of the ship’s stores and supplies (necessarily large, like her crew, when bound upon such a voyage, when every possible need till her return to her home port must be provided for before sailing), the colonists’ goods and chattels were many, their provisions bulky, their ordnance, arms, and stores (in the hold) heavy, and their trading-stock fairly ample. Much of the cargo originally stowed in the Speedwell, a part, as we know, of her company, and a few of her crew were transferred to the may-Flower at Plymouth, and there can be no doubt that the ship was both crowded and overladen.
It is altogether probable that the crowded condition of her spar and main decks caused the supply of live-stock taken—whether for consumption upon the voyage or for the planters’ needs on shore—to be very limited as to both number and variety. It has been matter of surprise to many that no cattle (not even milch-cows) were taken, but if—as is not unlikely—it was at first proposed to take a cow or two (when both ships were to go and larger space was available), this intent was undoubtedly abandoned at Plymouth, England, when it became evident that there would be dearth of room even for passengers, none whatever for cattle or their fodder (a large and prohibitive quantity of the latter being required for so long a voyage), and that the lateness of the season and its probable hardships would endanger the lives of the animals if taken. So far as appears the only domestic live-stock aboard the may-Flower consisted of goats, swine, poultry, and dogs. It is quite possible that some few sheep, rabbits, and poultry for immediate consumption (these requiring but little forage) may have been shipped, this being customary then as now. It is also probable that some household pets—cats and caged singing-birds, the latter always numerous in both England and Holland—were carried on board by their owners, though no direct evidence of the fact is found. There is ample proof that goats, swine, poultry, and dogs were landed with the colonists at New Plymouth, and it is equally certain that they had at first neither cattle, horses, nor sheep. Of course the she-goats were their sole reliance for milk for some time, whether afloat or ashore, and goat’s flesh and pork their only possibilities in the way of fresh meat for many months, save poultry (and game after landing), though we may be sure, in view of the breeding value of their goats, poultry, and swine, few were consumed for food. The “fresh meat” mentioned as placed before Massasoit’ on his first visit was probably venison, though possibly kid’s meat, pork, or poultry. Of swine and poultry they must have had a pretty fair supply, judging from their rapid increase, though their goats must have been few. They were wholly without beasts of draft or burden (though it seems strange that a few Spanish donkeys or English “jacks” had not been taken along, as being easily kept, hardy, and strong, and quite equal to light ploughing, hauling, carrying, etc.), and their lack was sorely felt. The space they and their forage demanded it was doubtless considered impracticable to spare. The only dogs that appear in evidence are a large mastiff bitch (the only dog of that breed probably seen on these shores since Pring’s “bigge dogges” so frightened the Indians’ in this region seventeen years before)
[Captain Martin Pring had at Plymouth, in 1603, two great “mastive dogges” named “Fool” and “Gallant,” the former being trained to carry a half-pike in his mouth. “The Indians were more afraid of these dogs than of twenty men.” American Magazine of History; Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic, p. 3.]
and a small spaniel, both the property of passengers, though there may have been others not mentioned. Speaking of the venison found in a tree by one of the exploring parties, Winslow says: “We thought it fitter for the dogs than for us,” perhaps suggesting by his word “the” their own dogs aboard ship and provision for them. There is an intimation as to the ownership of these two dogs in the facts that on certainly two occasions John Goodman was accompanied by the little spaniel (once when alone), from which it may perhaps be inferred that he was the dog’s master; while the big mastiffs presence when only Peter Browne and Goodman were together suggests that Browne was her owner. The goats, swine, rabbits, and poultry were doubtless penned on the spar-deck forward, while possibly some poultry, and any sheep brought for food, may have been temporarily housed—as was a practice with early voyagers—in the (unused) ship’s boats, though these appear to have been so few in number and so much in demand that it is doubtful if they were here available as pens. The heavy cargo and most of the lighter was of course stowed in the hold, as the main deck (or “’tween decks”) was mostly occupied as quarters for the male passengers, old and young, though the colonists’ shallop, a sloop-rigged boat some thirty feet in length, had been “cut down” and stowed “between the decks” for the voyage. A glimpse of the weary life at sea on that long and dreary passage is given in Bradford’s remark that “she was much opened with the people’s lying in her during the voyage:” This shallop with her equipment, a possible spare skiff or two, the chests, “boxes,” and other personal belongings of the passengers, some few cases of goods, some furniture, etc., constituted the only freight for which there could have been room “between decks,” most of the space (aft) being occupied by cabins and bunks.
The provisions in use, both by passengers and crew, were probably kept in the lazarette or “runs,” in the stern of the ship, which would be unusually capacious in vessels of this model; some—the bulkiest—in the hold under the forward hatch, as the custom was, and to some extent still is. The food supply of the Pilgrims, constituting part of the may-FLOWER’S Cargo, included, as appears from authentic sources:—
Breadstuff’s, including,—
Biscuits or ship-bread
(in barrels).
Oatmeal (in barrels
or hogsheads).
Rye meal (in hogsheads).
Butter (in firkins).
Cheese, “Hollands” and English (in boxes).
Eggs, pickled (in tubs).
Fish, “haberdyne” [or salt dried cod]
(in boxes).
Winslow, in his letter to George Morton advising him as to his preparations for the voyage over, says: “Be careful to have a very good bread-room to keep your biscuit in.” This was to keep them from dampness. Winthrop gives us the memorandum of his order for the ship-bread for his voyage in 1630. He says: “Agreed with Keene of Southwark, baker, for 20,000 of Biscuit, 15,000 of brown, and 5,000 of white.” Captain Beecher minutes: “10 M. of bread for the ship ARBELLA.” Beecher’s memorandum of “oatmeal” is “30 bushels.” Winslow mentions “oatmeal,” and Winthrop notes among the provisions bought by Captain William Pierce, “4 hhds. of oatmeal.” Rye meal was usually meant by the term “meal,” and Window in his letter to George Morton advises him: “Let your meal be so hard-trod in your casks that you shall need an adz or hatchet to work it out with;” and also to “be careful to come by [be able to get at] some of your meal to spend [use] by the way.” Notwithstanding that Bradford’ speaks of their “selling away” some “60 firkins of butter,” to clear port charges at Southampton, and the leaders, in their letter to the Adventurers from that port (August 3), speak of themselves, when leaving Southampton in August, 1620, as “scarce having any butter,” there seems to have been some left to give as a present to Quadrequina, Massasoit’s brother, the last of March following, which would indicate its good “keeping” qualities. Wood, in his “New England’s Prospect” (ch. 2), says: “Their butter and cheese were corrupted.” Bradford mentions that their lunch on the exploration expedition of November 15, on Cape Cod, included “Hollands cheese,” which receives also other mention. There is a single mention, in the literature of the day, of eggs preserved in salt, for use on shipboard. “Haberdyne” (or dried salt cod) seems to have been a favorite and staple article of diet aboard ship. Captain Beecher minutes “600 haberdyne for the ship ARBELLA.” Wood says: “Their fish was rotten.” Smoked “red-herring” were familiar food to all the may-Flower company. No house or
Hams seem to have been then, as now, a highly-prized article of diet. Goodwin mentions that the salt used by the Pilgrims was (evaporated) “sea-salt” and very “impure.” Winthrop mentions among his supplies, “White, Spanish, and Bay salt.”
The beans of the Pilgrims were probably of the variety then known as “Spanish beans.” The cabbages were apparently boiled with meat, as nowadays, and also used considerably for “sour-krout” and for pickling, with which the Leyden people had doubtless become familiar during their residence among the Dutch. As anti-scorbutics they were of much value. The same was true of onions, whether pickled, salted, raw, or boiled. Turnips and parsnips find frequent mention in the early literature of the first settlers, and were among their stock vegetables. Pease were evidently staple articles of food with the Plymouth people, and are frequently named. They probably were chiefly used for porridge and puddings, and were used in large quantities, both afloat and ashore.
Vinegar in hogsheads was named on the food-list of every ship of the Pilgrim era. It was one of their best antiscorbutics, and was of course a prime factor in their use of “sour krout,” pickling, etc. The fruits, natural, dried, and preserved, were probably, in that day, in rather small supply. Apples, limes, lemons, prunes, olives, rice, etc., were among the luxuries of a voyage, while dried or preserved fruits and small fruits were not yet in common use. Winslow, in the letter cited, urges that “your casks for beer . . . be iron bound, at least for the first [end] tyre” [hoop]. Cushman states that they had ample supplies of beer offered them both in Kent and Amsterdam. The planters’ supply seems to have failed, however, soon after the company landed, and they were obliged to rely upon the whim of the Captain of the may-Flower for their needs, the ship’s supply being apparently separate from that of the planters, and lasting longer. Winthrop’s supply seems to have been large ("42 tons”—probably tuns intended). It was evidently a stipulation of the charter-party that the ship should, in part at least, provision her crew for the voyage,—certainly furnish their beer. This is rendered certain by Bradford’s difficulty (as stated by himself) with Captain Jones, previously referred to, showing that the ship had her own supply of beer, separate from that of the colonists, and that it was intended for the seamen as well as the officers.
Bradford mentions “aqua vitae” as a constituent of their lunch on the exploring party of November 15. “Strong waters” (or Holland gin) are mentioned as a part of the entertainment given Massasoit on his first visit, and they find frequent mention otherwise. Wine finds no mention. Bradford states in terms: “Neither ever had they any supply of foode from them [the Adventurers] but what they first brought with them;” and again, “They never had any supply of vitales more afterwards (but what the Lord gave them otherwise), for all ye company [the Adventurers] sent at any time was allways too short for those people yt came with it.”
The clothing supplies of the Pilgrims included hats, caps, shirts, neck-cloths, jerkins, doublets, waistcoats, breeches (stuff and leather), “hosen,” stockings, shoes, boots, belts (girdles), cloth, piece-goods (dress-stuff’s), “haberdasherie,” etc., etc., all of which, with minor items for men’s and women’s use, find mention in their early narratives, accounts, and correspondence. By the will of Mr. Mullens it appears that he had twenty-one dozen of shoes and thirteen pairs of boots on board, doubtless intended as medium of exchange or barter. By the terms of the. contract with the colonists, the Merchant Adventurers were to supply all their actual necessities of Clothing food, clothing, etc., for the full term of seven years, during which the labors of the “planters” were to be for the joint account. Whether under this
In 1628 Josselyn put the average cost of clothing
to emigrants to New
England at L4 each. In 1629 good shoes cost
the “Bay” colonists 2s/7d
per pair. In his “Two Voyages to New England”
previously referred to,
Josselyn gives an estimate (made about 1628) of the
“outfit” in clothing
needed by a New England settler of his time.
He names as “Apparel for
one man—and after this rate for more:—”
One
Hatt
One
Monmouth Cap
Three
falling bands
Three
Shirts
One
Wastcoat
One
Suite of Frize (Frieze)
One
Suite of Cloth
One
Suite of Canvas
Three
Pairs of Irish Stockings
Four
Pairs of Shoes
One
Pair of Canvas Sheets
Seven
ells of coarse canvas, to make a bed at sea for two
men,
to
be filled with straw
One
Coarse Rug at Sea
The Furniture of the Pilgrims has naturally been matter of much interest to their descendants and others for many years. While it is doubtful if a single article now in existence can be positively identified and truthfully certified as having made the memorable voyage in the may-Flower (nearly everything having, of course, gone to decay with the wear and tear of more than two hundred and fifty years), this honorable origin is still assigned to many heirlooms, to some probably correctly. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes in his delightful lines, “On Lending a Punch Bowl,” humorously claims for his convivial silver vessel a place with the Pilgrims:—
“Along
with all the furniture, to fill their new abodes,
To
judge by what is still on hand, at least a hundred
loads.”
To a very few time-worn and venerated relics—such as Brewster’s chair and one or more books, Myles Standish’s Plymouth sword, the Peregrine White cradle, Winslow’s pewter, and one or two of Bradford’s books—a strong probability attaches that they were in veritate, as traditionally avowed, part of the may-FLOWER’S freight, but of even these the fact cannot be proven beyond the possibility of a doubt.
From its pattern and workmanship, which are of a period antedating the “departure from Delfshaven,” and the ancient tradition which is traceable to Brewster’s time, it appears altogether probable that what is known as “Elder Brewster’s chair” came with him on the ship. There is even greater probability as to one of his books bearing his autograph.
The sword of Myles Standish, in possession of the Pilgrim Society, may claim, with equal probability, may-Flower relation, from its evident antiquity and the facts that, as a soldier, his trusty blade doubtless stayed with him, and that it is directly traceable in his descendants’ hands, back to his time; but an equally positive claim is made for similar honors for another sword said to have also belonged to the Captain, now in the keeping of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The Peregrine White cradle “is strongly indorsed as of the may-Flower, from the facts that it is, indubitably, of a very early Dutch pattern and manufacture; that Mrs. White was anticipating the early need of a cradle when leaving Holland; and that the descent of this one as an heirloom in her (second) family is so fairly traced.”
The pewter and the silver flask of Winslow not only bear very early “Hallmarks,” but also the arms of his family, which it is not likely he would have had engraved on what he may have bought after notably becoming the defender of the simplicity and democracy of the “Pilgrim Republic.” Long traceable use in his family strengthens belief in the supposition that these articles came with the Pilgrims, and were then very probably heirlooms. One of Governor Bradford’s books (Pastor John Robinson’s “Justification of Separation"), published in 1610, and containing the Governor’s autograph, bears almost ‘prima facie’ evidence of having come with him in the may-Flower, but of course might, like the above-named relics, have come in some later ship.
In this connection it is of interest to note what freight the may-Flower carried for the intellectual needs of the Pilgrims. Of Bibles, as the “book of books,” we may be sure—even without the evidence of the inventories of the early dead—there was no lack, and there is reason to believe that they existed in several tongues, viz. in English, Dutch, and possibly French (the Walloon contribution from the Huguenots), while there is little doubt that, alike as publishers and as “students of the Word,” Brewster, Bradford, and Winslow, at least, were possessed of, and more or less familiar with, both the Latin and Greek Testaments. It is altogether probable, however, that Governor Bradford’s well attested study of “the oracles of God in the original” Hebrew, and his possession of the essential Hebrew Bible, grammar, and lexicon, were of a later day. Some few copies of the earliest hymnals ("psalme-bookes")—then very limited in number—there is evidence that the Holland
Of the doctrinal tracts of their beloved Pastor, John Robinson, there is every probability, as well as some proof, that there was good supply, as well as those of Ainsworth and Clyfton and of the works of William Ames, the renowned Franeker Professor, the controversial opponent but sincere friend of Robinson: the founder of evangelical “systematic theology,” [method—Methodist? D.W.] whom death alone prevented from becoming the President of Harvard College. We may be equally sure that the few cases of books in the freight of the Pilgrim ship included copies of the publications of the “hidden and hunted press” of Brewster and Brewer, and some at least of the issues of their fellows in tribulation at Amsterdam and in Scotland and England. Some few heavy tomes and early classics in English, Dutch, Latin, and Greek were also presumably among the goodly number of books brought in the may Flower by Brewster, Bradford, Winslow, Fuller, Hopkins, Allerton, Standish, and others, though it is probable that the larger part of the very considerable library of four hundred volumes, left at his death by Brewster (including sixty-two in Latin), and of the respectable libraries of Fuller, Standish, and others, named in their respective inventories, either were brought over in the later ships, or were the products of the earliest printers of New England. One is surprised and amused that the library of the good Dr. Fuller should contain so relatively small a proportion of medical works (although the number in print prior to his death in 1633 was not great), while rich in religious works pertinent to his functions as deacon. It is equally interesting to note that the inventory of the soldier Standish should name only one book on military science, “Bariffe’s Artillery,” though it includes abundant evidence to controvert, beyond reasonable doubt, the suggestion which has been made, that he was of the Romanist faith. Just which of the books left by the worthies named, and others whose inventories we possess, came with them in the Pilgrim ship, cannot be certainly determined, though, as before noted, some still in existence bear intrinsic testimony that they were of the number. There is evidence that Allerton made gift of a book to Giles Heale of the may-Flower (perhaps the ship’s surgeon), while the ship lay at Plymouth, and Francis Cooke’s inventory includes “1 great Bible and 4 olde bookes,” which as they were “olde,” and he was clearly not a book-buyer, very probably came with him in the ship. In fact, hardly an adult of the Leyden colonists, the inventory of whose estate at death we possess, but left one or more books which may have been his companions on the voyage.
Some of the early forms of British and Dutch calendars, “annuals,” and agricultural “hand-books,” it is certain were brought over by several families, and were doubtless much consulted and well-thumbed “guides, counsellors, and friends” in the households of their possessors. The great preponderance of reading matter brought by the little colony was, however, unquestionably of the religious controversial order, which had been so much a part of their lives, and its sum total was considerable. There are intimations, in the inventories of the Fathers, of a few works of historical cast, but of these not many had yet been printed. “Caesar’s Commentaries,” a “History of the World,” and a “History of Turkey” on Standish’s shelves, with the two Dictionaries and “Peter Martyr on Rome” on Dr. Fuller’s, were as likely to have come in the first ship, and to have afforded as much satisfaction to the hungry readers of the little community as any of the books we find named in the lists of their little stock. It is pathetic to note, in these days of utmost prodigality in juvenile literature, that for the Pilgrim children, aside from the “Bible stories,” some of the wonderful and mirth-provoking metrical renderings of the “Psalme booke,” and the “horne booke,” or primer (the alphabet and certain elementary contributions in verse or prose, placed between thin covers of transparent horn for protection), there was almost absolutely nothing in the meagre book-freight of the Pilgrim ark. “Milk for Babes,” whether as physical or mental pabulum, was in poor supply aboard the may-Flower.
The most that can be claimed with confidence, for particular objects of alleged may-Flower relation, is that there is logical and moral certainty that there was a supply of just such things on board, because they were indispensable, and because every known circumstance and condition indicates their presence in the hands to which they are assigned, while tradition and collateral evidence confirm the inference and sometimes go very far to establish their alleged identity, and their presence with their respective owners upon the ship. A few other articles besides those enumerated in possession of the Pilgrim Society, and of other societies and individuals, present almost equally strong claims with those named, to be counted as “of may-Flower belonging,” but in no case is the connection entirely beyond question. Where so competent, interested, and conscientious students of Pilgrim history as Hon. William T. Davis, of Plymouth, and the late Dr. Thomas B. Drew, so long the curator of the Pilgrim Society, cannot find warrant for a positive claim in behalf of any article as having come, beyond a doubt, “in the may Flower,” others may well hesitate to insist upon that which, however probable and desirable, is not susceptible of conclusive proof.
That certain articles of household furniture, whether now existent or not, were included in the ship’s cargo, is attested by the inventories of the small estates of those first deceased, and, by mention or implication, in the narratives of Bradford, Winslow, Morton, and other contemporaries, as were also many utensils and articles of domestic use. There were also beyond question many not so mentioned, which may be safely named as having very certainly been comprised in the ship’s lading, either because in themselves indispensable to the colonists, or because from the evidence in hand we know them to have been inseparable from the character, social status, daily habits, home life, or ascertained deeds of the Pilgrims. When it is remembered that furnishings, however simple, were speedily required for no less than nineteen “cottages” and their households, the sum total called for was not inconsiderable.
[Bradford, in Mourt’s Relation (p. 68), shows that the colonists were divided up into “nineteen families,” that “so we might build fewer houses.” Winslow, writing to George Morton, December 11/21, 1621, says: “We have built seven dwelling-houses and four for the use of the plantation.” Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 110) calls the houses “small cottages.”]
Among the furniture for these “cottages” brought on the Pilgrim ship may be enumerated: chairs, table-chairs, stools and forms (benches), tables of several sizes and shapes (mostly small), table-boards and “cloathes,” trestles, beds; bedding and bed-clothing, cradles, “buffets,” cupboards and “cabinets,” chests and chests of drawers, boxes of several kinds and “trunks,” andirons, “iron dogs,” “cob-irons,” fire-tongs and “slices” (shovels), cushions, rugs, and “blanckets,” spinning wheels, hand-looms, etc., etc. Among household utensils were “spits,” “bake-kettles,” pots and kettles (iron, brass, and copper), frying-pans, “mortars” and pestles (iron, brass, and “belle-mettle"), sconces, lamps (oil “bettys"), candlesticks, snuffers, buckets, tubs, “runlets,” pails and baskets, “steel yards,” measures, hour-glasses and sun-dials, pewter-ware (platters, plates, mugs, porringers, etc.), wooden trenchers, trays, “noggins,” “bottles,” cups, and “lossets.” Earthen ware, “fatten” ware (mugs, “jugs,” and “crocks “), leather ware (bottles, “noggins,” and cups), table-ware (salt “sellars,” spoons, knives, etc), etc. All of the foregoing, with numerous lesser articles, have received mention in the early literature of the Pilgrim exodus, and were undeniably part of the may-FLOWER’S lading.
The may-Flower origin claimed for the “Governor Carver chair” and the “Elder Brewster chair” rests wholly upon tradition, and upon the venerable pattern and aspect of the chairs themselves. The “Winslow chair,” in possession of the Pilgrim Society at Plymouth (Mass.), though bearing evidence of having been “made in Cheapside, London, in 1614,” is not positively known to have been brought on the may-Flower. Thacher’s “History of Plymouth” (p. 144.) states that “a sitting-chair, said to have been screwed to the floor of the may-FLOWER’S cabin for the convenience of a lady, is known to have been in the possession of Penelope Winslow (who married James Warren), and is now in possession of Hannah White.” There are certain venerable chairs alleged, with some show of probability, to have been the property of Captain Standish, now owned in Bridgewater, but there is no record attached to them, and they are not surely assignable to either ship or owner. That some few tables —mostly small—were brought in the may-Flower, there is some evidence, but the indications are that what were known as “table-boards”—long and narrow boards covered with what were called “board-cloths”—very largely took the place of tables. The walnut-top table, said to have once been Governor Winslow’s and now in possession of the Pilgrim Society, is not known to have come over with him, and probably did not. It was very likely bought for the use of the Council when he was governor. The “table-boards” mentioned were laid on “trestles” (cross-legged and folding supports of proper height), which had the great merit that they could be placed in any convenient spot and as easily folded up, and with the board put away, leaving the space which a table would have permanently occupied free for other use.
Bradford mentions that when the fire of Sunday, January 14., 1621, occurred in the “common house,” the “house was as full of beds as they could lie one by another.” There is a doubt, however, whether this indicates bedsteads or (probably) “pallets” only. Beds, bedding of all sorts, pillow-"beers,” pillow-cases and even “mattrises,” are of most frequent mention in the earliest wills and inventories. (See Appendix.) “Buffets,” “cupboards,” and “cabinets,” all find mention in the earliest writers and inventories, and one or two specimens, for which a may-Flower history is claimed, are in possession of the Pilgrim Society and others. The “White” cabinet, of putative may-Flower connection, owned by the Pilgrim Society, is a fine example of its class, and both its “ear marks” and its known history support the probable truth of the claim made for it. Of “chests” and “chests-of-drawers” there were doubtless goodly numbers in the ship, but with the exception of a few chests (or the fragments of them), for which a may-Flower passage is vaunted, little is known of them. The chest claimed to be that of
“Andirons, fire-dogs, and cob-irons” (the latter to rest roasting spits upon) were enumerated among the effects of those early deceased among the Pilgrims, rendering it well-certain that they must have been part of their belongings on the may-Flower. Fire-tongs and “slices” [shovels] are also frequently mentioned in early Pilgrim inventories, placing them in the same category with the “andirons and fire-dogs.”
In “Mourt’s Relation,” in the accounts given of the state reception of Massasoit, “a green rug and three or four cushions” are shown to have performed their parts in the official ceremonies, and were, of course, necessarily brought in the may-Flower.
Spinning-wheels and hand-looms were such absolute necessities, and were so familiar and omnipresent features of the lives and labors of the Pilgrim housewives and their Dutch neighbors of Leyden, that we should be certain that they came with the Pilgrims, even if they did not find mention in the earliest Pilgrim inventories. Many ancient ones are exhibited in the “Old Colony,” but it is not known that it is claimed for any of them that they came in the first ship. It is probable that some of the “cheese fatts” and churns so often named in early inventories came in the ship, though at first there was, in the absence of milch kine, no such use for them as there had been in both England and Holland, and soon was in New England.
Among cooking utensils the roasting “spit” was, in one form or another, among the earliest devices for cooking flesh, and as such was an essential of every household. Those brought by the Plymouth settlers were probably, as indicated by the oldest specimens that remain to us, of a pretty primitive type. The ancient “bake-kettle” (sometimes called “pan"), made to bury in the ashes and thus to heat above and below, has never been superseded where resort must be had to the open fire for cooking, and (practically unchanged) is in use to-day at many a sheep-herder’s and cowboy’s camp fire of the Far West. We may be sure that it was in every may-Flower family, and occasional ancient specimens are yet to be found in “Old
Hardly an early Pilgrim inventory but includes “a mortar and pestle,” sometimes of iron, sometimes of “brass” or “belle-mettle” (bell metal). They were of course, in the absence of mills, and for some purposes for which small hand mills were not adapted, prime necessities, and every house hold had one. A very fine one of brass (with an iron pestle), nine and a half inches across its bell-shaped top,—exhibited by the Pilgrim Society, and said to have been “brought in the may-Flower by Edward Winslow,”—seems to the author as likely to have been so as almost any article for which that distinction is claimed.
The lighting facilities of the Pilgrims were fewer and cruder than those for cooking. They possessed the lamp of the ancient Romans, Greeks, and Hebrews, with but few improvements,—a more or less fanciful vessel for oil, with a protuberant nose for a wick, and a loose-twisted cotton wick. Hand-lamps of this general form and of various devices, called “betty-lamps,” were commonly used, with candlesticks of various metals, —iron, brass, silver, and copper,—though but few of any other ware. For wall-lighting two or more candle sockets were brought together in “sconces,” which were more or less elaborate in design and finish. One of the early writers (Higginson) mentions the abundance of oil (from fish) available for lamps, but all tallow and suet used by the early colonists was, for some years (till cattle became plentiful), necessarily imported. Some of the “candle-snuffers” of the “first comers” doubtless still remain. We may be sure every family had its candles, “betty-lamps,” candlesticks, and “snuffers.” “Lanthorns” were of the primitive, perforated tin variety—only “serving to make darkness visible” now found in a few old attics in Pilgrim towns, and on the “bull-carts” of the peons of Porto Rico, by night. Fire, for any purpose, was chiefly procured by the use of flint, steel, and tinder, of which many very early specimens exist. Buckets, tubs, and pails were, beyond question, numerous aboard the ship, and were among the most essential and highly valued of Pilgrim utensils. Most, if not all of them, we may confidently assert, were brought into requisition on that Monday “wash-day” at Cape Cod, the first week-day after their arrival, when the women went ashore to do their long-neglected laundrying, in the comparatively fresh water of the beach pond at Cape Cod harbor. They are frequently named in the earliest inventories. Bradford also mentions the filling of a “runlet” with
Except for a few pieces of silver owned by the wealthiest of their number, pewter was the most elegant and expensive of the Pilgrims’ table-ware. A pewter platter said to have been “brought over in the may-Flower” is now owned by the Pilgrim Society, which also exhibits smaller pewter formerly Edward Winslow’s, and bearing his “arms,” for which, as previously noted, a like claim is made. Platters, dishes, “potts,” ladles, bottles, “flaggons,” “skelletts,” cups, porringers, “basons,” spoons, candlesticks, and salt “sellars,” were among the many pewter utensils unmistakably brought on the good ship.
The wooden-ware of the colonists, brought with them, was considerable and various. The Dutch were long famous for its fabrication. There was but very little china, glass, or pottery of any kind in common use in western Europe in 1620; some kinds were not yet made, and pewter, wood, and leather largely filled their places. Wooden trenchers (taking the place of plates), trays, “noggins” (jug or pitcher-like cups), cups, and “lossets” (flat dishes like the bread-plates of to day), were of course part of every housewife’s providings. Some few of Pilgrim origin possibly still exist. As neither coffee, tea, nor china had come into use, the cups and saucers which another century brought in—to delight their owners in that day and the ceramic hunter in this—were not among the “breakables” of the “good-wife” of the may-Flower. The “table-plenishings” had not much variety, but in the aggregate the (first) “nineteen families” must have required quite a quantity of spoons, knives, salt “sellars,” etc. Forks there were none, and of the accessories of to-day (except napkins), very few. Meat was held by the napkin while being cut with the knife. Josselyn’ gives a list of “Implements for a family of six persons” going to New England.
Kitchen utensils:—
“1
Iron Pot.
1
Great Copper Kettle.
1
Small Kettle.
1
Lesser Kettle.
1
Large Frying pan.
1
Brass Mortar.
1
Spit.
1
Gridiron.
2
Skillets.
Platters,
dishes, and spoons of wood.
A
pair of Bellows.
A
Skoope, etc.”
Among the implements of husbandry, etc., and mechanics’ tools we find evidence of hoes, spades, shovels, scythes, “sikles,” mattocks, bill-hooks, garden-rakes, hay-forks ("pitch-forks"), besides seed-grain and garden seeds. Axes, saws, hammers, “adzs,” augers, chisels, gouges, squares, hatchets, an “iron jack-scrue,” “holdfasts” (vises), blacksmiths’ tools, coopers’ tools, iron and steel in bar, anvils, chains, etc., “staples and locks,” rope, lime (for mortar), nails, etc., are also known to have been in the ship. Francis Eaton, the carpenter, seems to have had a very respectable “kit,” and Fletcher, the smith, was evidently fairly “outfitted.”
The implements of husbandry were of the lighter (?) sort; no ploughs, harrows, carts, harness, stone-drags, or other farming tools requiring the strength of beasts for their use, were included. In nothing could they have experienced so sharp a contrast as in the absence of horses, cattle, and sheep in their husbandry, and especially of milch kine. Bradford and Window both mention hoes, spades, mattocks, and sickles, while shovels, scythes, bill-hooks (brush-scythes, the terrible weapons of the English peasantry in their great “Mon mouth” and earlier uprisings), pitchforks, etc., find very early mention in inventories and colonial records. Josselyn, in his “Two Voyages to New England,” gives, in 1628, the following very pertinent list of “Tools for a Family of six persons, and so after this rate for more,—intending for New England.” This may be taken as fairly approximating the possessions of the average may-Flower planter, though probably somewhat exceeding individual supplies. Eight years of the Pilgrims’ experience had taught those who came after them very much that was of service.
5 Broad Howes [hoes]. 6 Chisels. 5 Narrow Howes [hoes]. 3 Gimblets. 5 Felling Axes. 2 hatchets. 2 steel hand saws. 2 frones (?) to cleave pail! (Probably knives for cleaving pail stock.) 2 hand saws. 2 hand-bills. 1 whip saw, set and files with box. Nails of all sorts. 2 Pick-axes. A file and rest. 3 Locks and 3 paire fetters. 2 Hammers. 2 Currie Combs. 3 Shovels. Brands for beasts. 2 Spades. A hand vice. 2 Augers. A pitchfork, etc. 2 Broad Axes.
Unhappily we know little from contemporaneous authority as to what grain and other seeds the Pilgrims brought with them for planting. We may be sure, however, that rye, barley, oats, wheat, pease, and beans were the bulkiest of this part of their freight, though Bradford mentions the planting of “garden seeds” their first spring.
While we know from the earliest Pilgrim chronicles that their mechanics’ implements embraced axes, saws, hammers, “adzs,” augers, hatchets, an “iron jack-scrue,” “staples and locks,” etc., we know there must have been many other tools not mentioned by them, brought over with the settlers. The “great iron-scrue,” as Bradford calls it in his original Ms., played, as all know, a most important part on the voyage, in forcing the “cracked and bowed” deck-beam of the ship into place. Governor Bradford tells us that “it was brought on board by one of the Leyden passengers,” and one may hazard the guess that it was by either Moses Fletcher, the smith, or Francis Eaton, the “carpenter.” “Staples” and “locks” found their place and mention, as well as the “chains,” “manacles,” and “leg-irons” named in the list of accoutrements for offence or defence, when it became necessary to chain up the Indian spy of the Neponsets (as narrated by Winslow in his “Good Newes from New England”) and other evil-doers. The planters seem to have made stiff “mortar,” which premises the use of lime and indicates a supply.
Among the fishing and fowling implements of the may Flower colonists are recorded, nets, “seynes,” twine, fish hooks, muskets (for large game), “fowling pieces,” powder, “goose-shot,” “hail-shot,” etc.
Such early mention is found of the nets, “seynes,” etc., of their fishing equipment, as to leave no room for doubt that store of them was brought in the ship. They seem to have been unfortunate in the size of their fish-hooks, which are spoken of as “too large” even for cod. They must, as Goodwin remarks, “have been very large.” Window also says, “We wanted fit and strong seines and other netting.”
They seem to have relied upon their muskets to some extent for wild fowl (as witness Winslow’s long and successful shot at a duck, on his visit to Massasoit), as they undoubtedly did for deer, etc. They were apparently fairly well supplied with them, of either the “matchlock” or “snaphance” (flintlock) pattern, though the planters complained to the Merchant Adventurers (in their letter of August 3, from Southampton), that they were “wanting many muskets,” etc. That they had some “fowling-pieces” is shown by the fact that young Billington seems (according to Bradford) to have “shot one off in his father’s cabin” aboard ship in Cape Cod harbor, and there are several other coeval mentions of them.
The arms and accoutrements (besides ordnance) of the may-Flower Pilgrims, known on the authority of Bradford and Winslow to have been brought by them, included muskets ("matchlocks"), “snaphances” (flintlocks), armor ("corslets,” “cuirasses,” “helmets,” “bandoliers,” etc.), swords, “curtlaxes” (cutlasses), “daggers,” powder, “mould-shot,” “match” (slow-match for guns), “flints,” belts, “knapsacks,” “drum,” “trumpet,” “manacles,” “leg-irons,” etc.,
Josselyn gives’ the equipment he considers necessary for each man going to New England to settle:—
“Armor compleat:—
One long piece [musket]
five feet or five and a half long.
One Sword.
One bandoleer.
One belt.
Twenty pounds of powder.
Sixty pounds of shot
or lead, pistol and Goose-shot.”
“Another list gives an idea of ‘complete
armor.’”
Corselet
Breast [plate or piece].
Back [ditto].
Culet (?).
Gorget [throat-piece].
Tussis [thigh-pieces].
Head-piece “[morion
skull-cap].”
Bradford states that they used their “curtlaxes” (cutlasses) to dig the frozen ground to get at the Indians’ corn, “having forgotten to bring spade or mattock.” “Daggers” are mentioned as used in their celebrated duel by Dotey and Leister, servants of Stephen Hopkins. Bradford narrates that on one of their exploring tours on the Cape the length of guard duty performed at night by each “relief” was determined by the inches of slow-match burned ("every one standing when his turn came while five or six inches of match was burning"), clearly indicating that they had no watches with them. The “drum” and “trumpet” are both mentioned in “Mourt’s Relation” in the account given of Massasoit’s reception, the latter as eliciting the especial attention of his men, and their efforts at blowing it.
The Ordnance (cannon) brought in the ship consisted (probably) of ten guns, certainly of six. Of these, two (2) were “sakers,”—guns ten feet long of 3 to 4 inches bore, weighing from fifteen to eighteen hundred pounds each; two (2) were “minions” (or “falcons"),—guns of 3 1/2 inch bore, weighing twelve hundred pounds (1200 lbs.) each; and two (2) were “bases,”—small guns of 1 1/4 inch bore, weighing some three hundred pounds (300 1bs.) each. These were mounted on “the Hill” fort or platform. It is probable that besides these were the four smallest cannon, called “patereros” (or “murderers"), which, at the time of De Rasiere’s visit to Plymouth in 1627, were mounted on a platform (in front of the Governor’s house), at the intersection of the two streets of the town, and commanded its several approaches. It is not likely that they were sent for after 1621, because the Adventurers were
That a considerable “stock of trading goods” was included in the may-FLOWER’S lading is mentioned by at least one writer, and that this was a fact is confirmed by the records of the colonists’ dealings with the Indians, and the enumeration of not a few of the goods which could have had, for the most part, no other use or value. They consisted largely of knives, bracelets (bead and metal), rings, scissors, copper-chains, beads, “blue and red trading cloth,” cheap (glass) jewels ("for the ears,” etc.), small mirrors, clothing (e. g. “red-cotton horseman’s coats—laced,” jerkins, blankets, etc.), shoes, “strong waters,” pipes, tobacco, tools and hard ware (hatchets, nails, hoes, fish-hooks, etc.), rugs, twine, nets, etc., etc. A fragment of one of the heavy hoes of the ancient pattern—“found on the site of the Pilgrim trading house at Manomet”—is owned by the Pilgrim Society, and speaks volumes of the labor performed by the Pilgrims, before they had ploughs and draught-cattle, in the raising of their wonderful crops of corn. Such was the may-FLOWER’S burden, animate and inanimate, whe —the last passenger and the last piece of freight transferred from the Speedwell—her anchor “hove short,” she swung with the tide in Plymouth roadstead, ready to depart at last for “the Virginia plantations.”
THE JOURNAL OF THE SHIP MAY-FLOWER
Thomas Jones, Master, from London, England, towards “Hudson’s River” in Virginia
[The voyage of the may-Flower began at London, as her consort’s did at Delfshaven, and though, as incident to the tatter’s brief career, we have been obliged to take note of some of the happenings to the larger ship and her company (at Southampton, etc.), out of due course and time, they have been recited only because of their insuperable relation to the consort and her company, and not as part of the may-FLOWER’S own proper record]
Saturday, July 15/25, 1620
Gravesend.
Finished lading. Got
passengers
aboard and got under way for
Southampton.
Dropped down the Thames to
Gravesend
with the tide.
[Vessels leaving the
port of London always, in that day, “dropped
down with the tide,”
tug-boats being unknown, and sail-headway
against the tide being
difficult in the narrow river.]
Masters
Cushman and Martin, agents of the
chartering—party,
came aboard at London.
Sunday, July 16/26
Gravesend.
Channel pilot aboard. Favoring
wind.
Monday, July 17/27
In
Channel. Course D.W. by W. Favoring
wind.
Tuesday, July 18/28
In
Channel. Southampton Water.
Wednesday, July 19/29
Southampton
Water. Arrived at Southampton
and
came to anchor.
[Both ships undoubtedly
lay at anchor a day or two, before hauling
in to the quay.
The may-Flower undoubtedly lay at anchor
until
after the Speedwell
arrived, to save expense]
Thursday, July 20/30
Lying
at Southampton off north end of “West
Quay.”
Friday, July 21/31
Lying
at Southampton. Masters Carver,
Cushman,
and Martin, three of the agents
here.
Outfitting ship, taking in lading,
and
getting ready for sea.
Saturday, July 22/Aug 1
Lying
off Quay, Southampton.
Sunday, July 23/Aug 2
Lying
off Quay, Southampton.
Monday, July 24/Aug 3
Lying
off Quay, Southampton.
Tuesday, July 25/Aug 4
Lying
off Quay, Southampton. Waiting for
consort
to arrive from Holland.
Wednesday, July 26/Aug 5
Lying
off Quay, Southampton. Pinnace
Speedwell,
60 tons, Reynolds, Master, from
Delfshaven,
July 22, consort to this ship,
arrived
in harbor, having on board some 70
passengers
and lading for Virginia. She
came
to anchor off north end “West Quay.”
Thursday, July 27/Aug. 6
Lying
at Quay, Southampton, Speedwell
warped
to berth at Quay near the ship, to
transfer
lading.
[Some of the cargo of
the Speedwell is understood to have been here
transferred to the larger
ship; doubtless the cheese, “Hollands,”
and other provisions,
ordered, as noted, by Cushman]
Friday, July 28/Aug. 7
Lying
at Quay, Southampton, Much parleying
and
discontent among the passengers.
[Bradford gives an account of the bickering and recrimination at Southampton, when all parties had arrived. Pastor Robinson had rather too strenuously given instructions, which it now began to be seen were not altogether wise. Cushman was very much censured, and there was evidently some acrimony. See Cushman’s Dartmouth letter of August 17 to Edward Southworth, Bradford’s Historie, Mass. ed. p. 86.]
Saturday, July 29/Aug. 8
Lying
at Quay, Southampton. Some of the
passengers
transferred from Speedwell and
some
to her. Master Christopher Martin
chosen
by passengers their “Governour” for
the
voyage to order them by the way, see to
the
disposing of their pro visions, etc.
Master
Robert Cushman chosen “Assistant.”
The
ship ready for sea this day, but
obliged
to lie here on account of leakiness
of
consort, which is forced to retrim. Ship
has
now 90 passengers and consort 30.
Sunday, July 30/Aug. 9
Lying
at Southampton.
Monday, July 31/Aug. 10
Lying
at Southampton. Letters received for
passengers
from Holland. One from the
Leyden
Pastor [Robinson] read out to the
company
that came from that place.
Tuesday, Aug. 1/Aug. 11
Lying
at anchor at Southampton. Speedwell
retrimmed
a second time to overcome
leakiness.
Wednesday, Aug. 2/Aug. 12
Lying
at anchor at Southampton. Master
Weston,
principal agent of the Merchants
setting
out the voyage, came up from Lon
don
to see the ships dispatched, but, on
the
refusal of the Planters to sign certain
papers,
took offence and returned to London
in
displeasure, bidding them “stand on
their
own legs,” etc.
[The two “conditions” which Weston had changed in the proposed agreement between the Adventurers and Planters, the Leyden leaders refused to agree to. Bradford, op cit. p. 61. He says: “But they refused to sign, and answered him that he knew right well that these were not according to the first Agreement.” Dr. Griffis has made one of those little slips common to all writers—though perfectly conversant with the facts—in stating as he does (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, etc. p. 158), with reference to the new “conditions” which some blamed Cushman for assenting to, as “more fit for thieves and slaves than for honest men,” that, “nevertheless they consented to them;” while on p. 169 he says “The Speedwell people [i.e. the Leyden leaders would not agree with the new conditions, without the consent of those left behind in Leyden.”
The fact is that the Pilgrims did not assent to the new conditions, unwarrantably imposed by Weston, though of small consequence in any view of the case, until Cushman came over to New Plymouth in the Fortune, in 1621, and by dint of his sermon on the “Sin and Danger of Self-Love,” and his persuasion, induced them (they being also advised thereto by Robinson) to sign them. All business up to this time had been done between the Adventurers and the Pilgrims, apparently, without any agreement in writing. It was probably felt, both by Robinson and the Plymouth leaders, that it was the least reparation they could make Cushman for their cruel and unjust treatment of him, realizing at length that, through all vicissitudes, he had proven their just, sagacious, faithful, and efficient friend. There does not appear to be any conclusive evidence that any articles of agreement between the Adventurers and colonists were signed before the may-Flower Sailed.]
Thursday, Aug. 3/Aug. 13
Lying
at anchor at Southampton. After
Master
Weston’s departure, the Planters had
a
meeting and resolved to sell some of such
stores
as they could best spare, to clear
port
charges, etc., and to write a general
letter
to the Adventurers explaining the
case,
which they did. Landed some three
score
firkins of butter, sold as
determined.
Friday, Aug. 4/Aug. 14
Lying
at anchor at Southampton. Consort
nearly
ready for sea. Heard that the
King’s
warrant had issued to Sir James
Coventry,
under date of July 23, to prepare
a
Patent for the Council for the Affairs of
New
England to supersede the Plymouth
Virginia
Company, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and
Sir
Robert Rich the Earl of Warwick among
the
Patentees.
Saturday, Aug. 5/Aug. 15
Weighed
anchor, as did consort, and in
company
dropped down Southampton Water.
Took
departure from Cowes, Isle of Wight,
and
laid course down the Solent to Channel.
Winds
baffling. General course S.W. by S.
Sunday, Aug. 6/Aug. 16
Head
winds. Beating out Channel.
Speedwell
In Company. Passed Bill of
Portland.
Monday, Aug. 7/Aug. 17
Wind
contrary. Beating out Channel.
Speedwell
In company.
Tuesday, Aug. 8/Aug. 18
Wind
still contrary. Beating out Channel.
Speedwell
in company.
Wednesday, Aug. 9/Aug. 19
Wind
ahead. Beating down Channel. Consort
in
company.
Thursday, Aug. 10/20
Wind
fair. All sail set. Speedwell in
company.
Signalled by consort, which hove
to.
Found to be leaking badly. On
consultation
of Masters and chief of
passengers
of both ships, it was concluded
that
both should put into Dartmouth, being
nearest
port. Laid course for Dartmouth
with
wind ahead.
Thursday, Aug. 11/21
Wind
ahead. Bearing up to Dartmouth.
Saturday, Aug. 12/22
Made
port at Dartmouth. Speedwell in
company,
and came to anchor in harbor.
[Bradford, op. cit. Deane’s ed. p. 68, note. Russell (Pilgrim Memorials, p. 15) says: “The ships put back into Dartmouth, August 13/23.” Goodwin (op. cit. p. 55) says: “The port was reached about August 23.” Captain John Smith strangely omits the return of the ships to Dartmouth, and confuses dates, as he says “But the next day after leaving Southampton the lesser ship sprung a leak that forced their return to Plymouth,” etc. Smith, New England’s Trials, 2d ed. 1622. Cushman’s letter, written the 17th, says they had then lain there “four days,” which would mean, if four full days, the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th.]
Sunday, Aug. 13/23
Lying
at anchor with Speedwell leaking
badly
in Dartmouth harbor. No passengers,
except
leaders, allowed ashore.
[Cushman in his letter to Edward Southworth, written at Dartmouth, August 17, says that Martin, the “governour” of the passengers in the may-Flower, “will not suffer them the passengers to go, ashore lest they should run away.” This probably applied especially to such as had become disaffected by the delays and disasters, the apprenticed ("bound”) servants, etc. Of course no responsible colonist would be thus restrained for the reason alleged.]
Monday, Aug. 14/24
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor.
Speedwell
at Quay taking out lading for
thorough
overhauling.
Tuesday, Aug. 15/25
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor.
Wednesday, Aug. 16/26
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor.
Speedwell
being thoroughly overhauled for
leaks.
Pronounced “as open and leaky as a
sieve.”
Much dissatisfaction between the
passengers,
and discontent with the ship’s
“governour”
Master Martin, between whom
and
Mr. Cushman, the “assistant,” there is
constant
disagreement.
[Cushman portrays the contemptible character and manner of Martin very sharply, and could not have wished to punish him worse for his meannesses than he has, by thus holding him up to the scorn of the world, for all time. He says, ‘inter alia’: “If I speak to him, he flies in my face and saith no complaints shall be heard or received but by himself, and saith: ’They are froward, and waspish, discontented people, and I do ill to hear them.’”]
Thursday, Aug. 17/27
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Consort
being
searched and mended. Sailors offended
at
Master Martin because of meddling.
[Cushman’s letter, Dartmouth, August 17. He says: “The sailors also are so offended at his ignorant boldness in meddling and controling in things he knows not what belongs to, as that some threaten to mischief him . . . . But at best this cometh of it, that he makes himself a scorn and laughing stock unto them.”]
Friday, Aug. 18/28
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Consort
still
repairing. Judged by workmen that
mended
her sufficient for the voyage.
Saturday, Aug. 19/29
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor.
Speedwell
relading.
Sunday, Aug. 20/30
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor.
Monday, Aug. 21/31
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Consort
relading.
Tuesday, Aug. 22/Sept. 1
Lying
at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Both
ships
ready for sea.
[Bradford, Historie, Deane’s ed. p. 68. He says: “Some leaks were found and mended and now it was conceived by the workmen and all, that she was sufficient, and they might proceed without either fear or danger.” Bradford shows (op. cit. p. 69) note that they must have left Dartmouth “about the 21st” of August. Captain John Smith gives that date, though somewhat confusedly. Arber (the Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, p. 343 says: “They actually left on 23 August.” Goodwin (Pilgrim Republic, p. 55) says : “Ten days were spent in discharging and re-stowing the Speedwell and repairing her from stem to stern,” etc.)]
Wednesday, Aug. 23/Sept. 2
Weighed
anchor, as did consort. Laid
course
W.S.W. Ships in company. Wind
fair.
Thursday, Aug. 24/Sept. 3
Comes
in with wind fair. General course
W.S.W.
Consort in company.
Friday, Aug. 25/Sept. 4
Comes
in with wind fair. Course W.S.W.
Speedwell
in company.
Saturday, Aug. 26/Sept. 5
Observations
showed ship above 100 leagues
W.S.W.
of Land’s End. Speedwell signalled
and
hove to. Reported leaking dangerously.
On
consultation between Masters and
carpenters
of both ships, it was concluded
to
put back into Plymouth—Bore up for
Plymouth.
Consort in company.
Sunday, Aug. 27/Sept. 6
Ship
on course for Plymouth. Speedwell in
company.
Monday, Aug. 28/Sept. 7
Made
Plymouth harbor, and came to anchor in
the
Catwater, followed by consort.
Tuesday, Aug. 29/Sept. 8
At
anchor in roadstead. At conference of
officers
of ship and consort and the chief
of
the Planters, it was decided to send the
Speedwell
back to London with some 18 or 20
of
her passengers, transferring a dozen or
more,
with part of her lading, to the
may-Flower.
Wednesday, Aug. 30/Sept. 9
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead off the
Barbican.
Transferring passengers and
lading
from consort, lying near by.
Weather
fine.
[Goodwin notes (Pilgrim Republic, p. 57) that “it was fortunate for the overloaded may-Flower that she had fine weather while lying at anchor there, . . . for the port of Plymouth was then only a shallow, open bay, with no protection. In southwesterly gales its waters rose into enormous waves, with such depressions between that ships while anchored sometimes struck the bottom of the harbor and were dashed in pieces.”]
Thursday, Aug. 31/Sept. 10
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead.
Transferring
cargo from Speedwell.
Friday, Sept. 1/Sept. 11
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead.
Transferring
passengers and freight to and
from
consort. Master Cushman and family,
Master
Blossom and son, William Ring, and
others
with children, going back to London
in
Speedwell. All Of SPEEDWELL’S
passengers
who are to make the voyage now
aboard.
New “governour” of ship and
assistants
chosen. Master Carver
“governour.”
[We have seen that Christopher Martin was made “governour” of the passengers on the may-Flower for the voyage, and Cushman “assistant.” It is evident from Cushman’s oft-quoted letter (see ante) that Martin became obnoxious, before the ship reached Dartmouth, to both passengers and crew. It is also evident that when the emigrants werePage 158
all gathered in the may-Flower there was a new choice of officers (though no record is found of it), as Cushman vacated his place and went back to London, and we find that, as noted before, on November 11 the colonists “confirmed” John Carver as their “governour,” showing that he had been such hitherto. Doubtless Martin was deposed at Southampton (perhaps put into Cushman’s vacant place, and Carver made “governour” in his stead.)]
Saturday, Sept. 2/Sept. 12
At
anchor, Plymouth roadstead. Some of
principal
passengers entertained ashore by
friends
of their faith. Speedwell sailed
for
London. Quarters assigned, etc.
Sunday, Sept. 3/Sept. 13
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead.
Monday, Sept. 4/Sept. 14
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead. Some Of
company
ashore.
Tuesday, Sept. 5/Sept. 15
At
anchor in Plymouth roadstead. Ready for
sea.
Wednesday, Sept. 6/Sept. 16
Weighed
anchor. Wind E.N.E., a fine gale.
Laid
course W.S.W. for northern coasts of
Virginia.
Thursday, Sept. 7/Sept. 17
Comes
in with wind E.N.E. Light gale
continues.
Made all sail on ship.
Friday, Sept. 8/Sept. 18
Comes
in with wind E.N.E. Gale continues.
All
sails full.
Saturday, Sept. 9/Sept. 19
Comes
in with wind E.N E. Gale holds.
Ship
well off the land.
Sunday, Sept. 10/Sept. 20
Comes
in with wind E.N.E. Gale holds.
Distance
lost, when ship bore up for
Plymouth,
more than regained.
Monday, Sept. 11/Sept. 21
Same;
and so without material change, the
daily
record of wind, weather, and the
ship’s
general course—the repetition of
which
would be both useless and wearisome
—continued
through the month and until the
vessel
was near half the seas over. Fine
warm
weather and the “harvest-moon.” The
usual
equinoctial weather deferred.
Saturday, Sept. 23/Oct. 3
One
of the seamen, some time sick with a
grievous
disease, died in a desperate manner.
The
first death and burial at sea of the
voyage.
[We can readily imagine this first burial at sea on the may Flower, and its impressiveness. Doubtless the good Elder “committed the body to the deep” with fitting ceremonial, for though the young man was of the crew, and not of the Pilgrim company, his reverence for death and the last rites of Christian burial would as surely impel him to offer such services, as the rough, buccaneering Master (Jones would surely be glad to evade them).
Dr. Griffis (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, p. 176) says “The Puritans [does this mean Pilgrims ?] cared next to nothing about ceremonies over a corpse, whether at wave or grave.” This will hardly bear examination, though Bradford’s phraseology in this case would seem to support it, as he speaks of the body as “thrown overboard;” yet it is not to be supposed that it was treated quite so indecorously as the words would imply. It was but a few years after, certainly, that we find both Pilgrim and Puritan making much ceremony at burials. We find considerable ceremony at Carver’s burial only a few months later. Choate, in his masterly oration at New York, December 22, 1863, pictures Brewster’s service at the open grave of one of the Pilgrims in March, 1621.]
A sharp change. Equinoctial weather, followed by stormy westerly gales; encountered cross winds and continued fierce storms. Ship shrewdly shaken and her upper works made very leaky. One of the main beams in the midships was bowed and cracked. Some fear that the ship could not be able to perform the voyage. The chief of the company perceiving the mariners to fear the sufficiency of the ship (as appeared by their mutterings) they entered into serious consultation with the Master and other officers of the ship, to consider, in time, of the danger, and rather to return than to cast themselves into a desperate and inevitable peril.
There was great distraction and difference of opinion amongst the mariners themselves. Fain would they do what would be done for their wages’ sake, being now near half the seas over; on the other hand, they were loath to hazard their lives too desperately. In examining of all opinions, the Master and others affirmed they knew the ship to be strong and firm under water, and for the buckling bending or bowing of the main beam, there was a great iron scrue the passengers brought out of Holland which would raise the beam into its place. The which being done, the carpenter and Master affirmed that a post put under it, set firm in the lower deck, and otherwise bound, would make it sufficient. As for the decks and upper works, they would caulk them as well as they could; and though with the working of the ship they would not long keep staunch, yet there would otherwise be no great danger if they did not overpress her with sails. So they resolved to proceed.
In sundry of these stormes, the winds were soPage 160
fierce and the seas so high, as the ship could not bear a knot of sail, but was forced to hull drift under bare poles for divers days together. A succession of strong westerly gales. In one of the heaviest storms, while lying at hull, [hove to D.W.] a lusty young man, one of the passengers, John Howland by name, coming upon some occasion above the gratings latticed covers to the hatches, was with the seel [roll] of the ship thrown into the sea, but caught hold of the topsail halliards, which hung overboard and ran out at length; yet he held his hold, though he was sundry fathoms under water, till he was hauled up by the same rope to the brim of the water, and then with a boathook and other means got into the ship again and his life saved. He was something ill with it.
The
equinoctial disturbances over and the
strong
October gales, the milder, warmer
weather
of late October followed.
Mistress Elizabeth Hopkins, wife of Master Stephen Hopkins, of Billericay, in Essex, was delivered of a son, who, on account of the circumstances of his birth, was named Oceanus, the first birth aboard the ship during the voyage.
A
succession of fine days, with favoring
winds.
Monday Nov. 6/16
William
Butten; a youth, servant to Doctor
Samuel
Fuller, died. The first of the
passengers
to die on this voyage.
Monday Nov. 7/17
The
body of William Butten committed to the
deep.
The first burial at sea of a
passenger,
on this voyage.
Monday Nov. 8/18
Signs
of land.
Monday Nov. 9/19
Closing
in with the land at nightfall.
Sighted
land at daybreak. The landfall
made
out to be Cape Cod the bluffs [in what
is
now the town of Truro, Mass.]. After a
conference
between the Master of the ship
and
the chief colonists, tacked about and
stood
for the southward. Wind and weather
fair.
Made our course S.S.W., continued
proposing
to go to a river ten leagues
south
of the Cape Hudson’s River. After
had
sailed that course about half the day
fell
amongst dangerous shoals and foaming
breakers
[the shoals off Monomoy] got out of
them
before night and the wind being
contrary
put round again for the Bay of
Cape
Cod. Abandoned efforts to go further
south
and so announced to passengers.
[Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 93) says: “They resolved to bear up again for the Cape.” No one will question that Jones’s assertion of inability to proceed, and his announced determination to return to Cape Cod harbor, fell upon many acquiescent ears, for, as Winslow says: “Winter was come; the seas were dangerous; the season was cold; the winds were high, and the region being well furnished for a plantation, we entered upon discovery.” Tossed for sixty-seven days on the north Atlantic at that season of the year, their food and firing well spent, cold, homesick, and ill, the bare thought of once again setting foot on any land, wherever it might be, must have been an allurement that lent Jones potential aid in his high-handed course.]
Saturday Nov. 11/21
Comes
in with light, fair wind. On course
for
Cape Cod harbor, along the coast. Some
hints
of disaffection among colonists, on
account
of abandonment of location
[Bradford (in Mourt’s Relation) says: “This day before we come to harbor Italics the author’s, observing some not well affected to unity and concord, but gave some appearance of faction, it was thought good there should be an Association and Agreement that we should combine together in one body; and to submit to such Government and Governors as we should, by common consent, agree to make and choose, and set our hands to this that follows word for word.” Then follows the Compact. Bradford is even more explicit in his Historie (Mass. ed. p. 109), where he says: “I shall a little returne backe and begin with a combination made by them before they came ashore, being ye first foundation of their governments in this place; occasioned partly by ye discontent & mutinous speeches that some of the strangers amongst them [i.e. not any of the Leyden contingent had let fall from them in ye ship—That when they came ashore they would use their owne libertie: for none had power to command them, the patents they had being for Virginia, and not for New-England which belonged to another Government, with which ye London [or First Virginia Company had nothing to doe, and partly that such an acte by them done . . . might be as firm as any patent, and in some respects more sure.” Dr. Griffis is hardly warranted in making Bradford to say, as he does (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, p. 182), that “there were a few people I ‘shuffled’ in upon them the company who were probably unmitigated scoundrels.” Bradford speaks only of Billington and his family as those “shuffled into their company,” and while he was not improbably one of the agitators (with Hopkins) who were the proximate causes of the drawing up of the Compact, he was not, in this case, the responsible leader. It is evident from the foregoing that the “appearance of faction” did not show itself until the vessel’sPage 162
prow was turned back toward Cape Cod Harbor, and it became apparent that the effort to locate “near Hudson’s River” was to be abandoned, and a location found north of 41 degrees north latitude, which would leave them without charter rights or authority of any kind. It is undoubtedly history that Master Stephen Hopkins,—then “a lay-reader” for Chaplain Buck,—on Sir Thomas Gates’s expedition to Virginia, had, when some of them were cast away on the Bermudas, advocated just such sentiments—on the same basis—as were now bruited upon the may-Flower, and it could hardly have been coincidence only that the same were repeated here. That Hopkins fomented the discord is well-nigh certain. It caused him, as elsewhere noted, to receive sentence of death for insubordination, at the hands of Sir Thomas Gates, in the first instance, from which his pardon was with much difficulty procured by his friends. In the present case, it led to the drafting and execution of the Pilgrim Compact, a framework of civil self-government whose fame will never die; though the author is in full accord with Dr. Young (Chronicles, p. 120) in thinking that “a great deal more has been discovered in this document than the signers contemplated,”—wonderfully comprehensive as it is. Professor Herbert B. Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, says in his admirable article in the Magazine of American History, November, 1882 (pp—798 799): “The fundamental idea of this famous document was that of a contract based upon the common law of England,”—certainly a stable and ancient basis of procedure. Their Dutch training (as Griffis points out) had also led naturally to such ideas of government as the Pilgrims adopted. It is to be feared that Griffis’s inference (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, p. 184), that all who signed the Compact could write, is unwarranted. It is more than probable that if the venerated paper should ever be found, it would show that several of those whose names are believed to have been affixed to it “made their ‘mark.’” There is good reason, also, to believe that neither “sickness” (except unto death) nor “indifference” would have prevented the ultimate obtaining of the signatures (by “mark,” if need be) of every one of the nine male servants who did not subscribe, if they were considered eligible. Severe illness was, we know, answerable for the absence of a few, some of whom died a few days later.
The fact seems rather to be, as noted, that age—not social status was the determining factor as to all otherwise eligible. It is evident too, that the fact was recognized by all parties (by none so clearly as by Master Jones) that they were about to plant themselves on territory not within the jurisdiction of their steadfast friends, the London Virginia Company, but under control of those formerly of the Second (Plymouth) Virginia Company, who (by the intelligence they received while at Southampton) they knew would be erectedPage 163
into the “Council for the Affairs of New England.” Goodwin is in error in saying (Pilgrim Republic, p. 62), “Neither did any other body exercise authority there;” for the Second Virginia Company under Sir Ferdinando Gorges, as noted, had been since 1606 in control of this region, and only a week before the Pilgrims landed at Cape Cod (i.e. on November 3) King James had signed the patent of the Council for New England, giving them full authority over all territory north of the forty-first parallel of north latitude, as successors to the Second Virginia Company. If the intention to land south of the forty-first parallel had been persisted in, there would, of course, have been no occasion for the Compact, as the patent to John Pierce (in their interest) from the London Virginia Company would have been in force. The Compact became a necessity, therefore, only when they turned northward to make settlement above 41 deg. north latitude. Hence it is plain that as no opportunity for “faction”—and so no occasion for any “Association and Agreement”—existed till the may-Flower turned northward, late in the afternoon of Friday, November to, the Compact was not drawn and presented for signature until the morning of Saturday, November 11. Bradford’s language, “This day, before we came into harbour,” leaves no room for doubt that it was rather hurriedly drafted—and also signed—before noon of the 11th. That they had time on this winter Saturday—hardly three weeks from the shortest day in the year—to reach and encircle the harbor; secure anchorage; get out boats; arm, equip, and land two companies of men; make a considerable march into the land; cut firewood; and get all aboard again before dark, indicates that they must have made the harbor not far from noon. These facts serve also to correct another error of traditional Pilgrim history, which has been commonly current, and into which Davis falls (Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth, p. 60), viz. that the Compact was signed “in the harbor of Cape Cod.” It is noticeable that the instrument itself simply says, “Cape Cod,” not “Cape Cod harbour,” as later they were wont to say. The leaders clearly did not mean to get to port till there was a form of law and authority.]
for settlement on territory under the protection of the patent granted in their interest to John Pierce, by the London Virginia Company.
[The patent granted John Pierce, one of the Merchant Adventurers, by the London Virginia Company in the interest of the Pilgrims, was signed February 2/12, 1619, and of course could convey no rights to, or upon, territory not conveyed to the Company by its charter from the King issued in 1606, and the division of territory made thereunder to the Second Virginia Company. By this division the London Company was restricted northward by the 41st parallel, as noted, while the Second Company could not claim the 38th as its southern bound, as the charter stipulated that the nearestPage 164
settlements under the respective companies should not be within one hundred miles of each other.]
Meeting in main cabin of all adult male passengers except their two hired seamen, Trevore and Ely, and those too ill—to make and sign a mutual ’Compact”
[The Compact is too well known to require reprinting here (see Appendix); but a single clause of it calls for comment in this connection. In it the framers recite that, “Having undertaken to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” etc. From this phraseology it would appear that they here used the words “northern parts of Virginia” understandingly, and with a new relation and significance, from their connection with the words “the first colony in,” for such declaration could have no force or truth except as to the region north of 41 deg. north latitude. They knew, of course, of the colonies in Virginia under Gates, Wingfield, Smith, Raleigh, and others (Hopkins having been with Gates), and that, though there had been brief attempts at settlements in the “northern plantations,” there were none there then, and that hence theirs would be in a sense “the first,” especially if considered with reference to the new Council for New England. The region of the Hudson had heretofore been included in the term “northern parts of Virginia,” although in the southern Company’s limit; but a new meaning was now designedly given to the words as used in the Compact, and New England was contemplated. ]
to regulate their civil government. This done, they confirmed Master Carver their “governour” in the ship on the voyage, their “governour” for the year. Bore up for the Cape, and by short tacks made the Cape [Paomet, now Provincetown] Harbor, coming to an anchorage a furlong within the point. The bay so circular that before coming to anchor the ship boxed the compass [i.e. went clear around all points of it].
Let go anchors three quarters of an English mile off shore, because of shallow water, sixty-seven days from Plymouth (Eng.), eighty-one days from Dartmouth, ninety-nine days from Southampton, and one hundred and twenty from London. Got out the long-boat and set ashore an armed party of fifteen or sixteen in armor, and some to fetch wood, having none left, landing them on the long point or neck, toward the sea.
[The strip of land now
known as Long Point, Provincetown (Mass.)
harbor.]
Those
going ashore were forced to wade a
bow-shot
or two in going aland. The party
sent
ashore returned at night having seen
no
person or habitation, having laded the
boat
with juniper wood.
Sunday, Nov. 12/22
At
anchor in Cape Cod harbor. All hands
piped
to service. Weather mild.
Monday, Nov. 13/23
At
anchor in Cape Cod harbor, unshipped the
shallop
and drew her on land to mend and
repair
her.
[Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 97) says: “Having brought a large shallop with them out of England, stowed in quarters in ye ship they now gott her out and sett their carpenters to worke to trime her up: but being much brused and shatered in ye ship with foule weather, they saw she sould be longe in mending.” In ‘Mourt’s Relation’ he says: “Monday, the 13th of November, we unshipped our shallop and drew her on land to mend and repair her, having been forced to cut her down, in bestowing her betwixt the decks, and she was much opened, with the peoples lying in her, which kept us long there: for it was sixteen or seventeen days before the Carpenter had finished her.” Goodwin says she was “a sloop-rigged craft of twelve or fifteen tons.” There is an intimation of Bradford that she was “about thirty feet long.” It is evident from Bradford’s account (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 105) of her stormy entrance to Plymouth harbor that the shallop had but one mast, as he says “But herewith they broake their mast in 3 pieces and their saill fell overboard in a very grown sea.”]
Many
went ashore to refresh themselves, and
the
women to wash.
Tuesday, Nov. 14/24
Lying
at anchor. Carpenter at work on
shallop.
Arms and accoutrements being got
ready
for an exploring party inland.
Wednesday, Nov. 15/25
Lying
at anchor in harbor. Master and
boat’s
crew went ashore, followed in the
afternoon
by an armed party of sixteen men
under
command of Captain Myles Standish.
Masters
William Bradford, Stephen Hopkins,
and
Edward Tilley being joined to him for
council.
The party to be gone from the
ship
a day or two. Weather mild and ground
not
frozen.
Thursday, Nov. 16/26
Lying
at anchor in harbor. Exploring party
still
absent from ship. Weather continues
open.
Friday, Nov. 17/27
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Weather open.
Saw
signal-fire on the other side of bay
this
morning, built by exploring party as
arranged.
The Master, Governor Carver, and
Saturday, Nov. 18/28
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Planters
helving
tools, etc. Carpenter at work on
shallop,
which takes more labor than at
first
supposed. Weather still moderate.
Fetched
wood and water.
Sunday, Nov. 19/29
At
anchor, Gape Cod harbor. Second Sunday
in
harbor. Services aboard ship. Seamen
ashore.
Change in weather. Colder.
Monday, Nov. 20/30
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Carpenter and
others
at work on shallop, getting out
stock
for a new shallop, helving tools,
making
articles needed, etc.
Tuesday, Nov. 21/Dec. 1
At
anchor in harbor. Much inconvenienced
in
going ashore. Can only go and come at
high
water except by wading, from which
many
have taken coughs and colds.
Wednesday, Nov. 22/Dec. 2
At
anchor in harbor. Weather cold and
stormy,
having changed suddenly.
Thursday, Nov. 23/Dec. 3
At
anchor in harbor. Cold and stormy.
Work
progressing on shallop.
Friday, Nov. 24/Dec. 4
At
anchor in harbor. Continues cold and
stormy.
Saturday, Nov. 25/Dec. 5
At
anchor in harbor. Weather same. Work
on
shallop pretty well finished and she can
be
used, though more remains to be done.
Another
exploration getting ready for
Monday.
Master and crew anxious to unlade
and
return for England. Fetched wood and
water.
Sunday, Nov. 26/Dec. 6
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Third Sunday
here.
Master notified Planters that they
must
find permanent location and that he
must
and would keep sufficient supplies for
ship’s
company and their return.
[Bradford, Historie, Mass. ed. p. 96. The doubt as to how the ship’s and the colonists’ provisions were divided and held is again suggested here. It is difficult, however, to understand how the Master “must and would” retain provisions with his small force against the larger, if it came to an issue of strength between Jones and Standish.]
Monday, Nov. 27/Dec. 7
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Rough weather
and
cross winds. The Planters determined
to
send out a strong exploring party, and
invited
the Master of the ship to join them
and
go as leader, which he agreed continued
to,
and offered nine of the crew and the
long-boat,
which were accepted. Of the
colonists
there were four-and-twenty,
making
the party in all four-and-thirty.
Wind
so strong that setting out from the
ship
the shallop and long-boat were obliged
to
row to the nearest shore and the men to
wade
above the knees to land. The wind
proved
so strong that the shallop was
obliged
to harbor where she landed. Mate
in
charge of ship. Blowed and snowed all
day
and at night, and froze withal.
Mistress
White delivered of a son which is
called
“Peregrine.” The second child born
on
the voyage, the first in this harbor.
Tuesday, Nov. 28/Dec. 8
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Cold. Master
Jones
and exploring party absent on shore
with
long-boat and colonists’ shallop. The
latter,
which beached near ship yesterday
in
a strong wind and harbored there last
night,
got under way this morning and
sailed
up the harbor, following the course
taken
by the long-boat yesterday, the wind
favoring.
Six inches of snow fell
yesterday
and last night. Crew at work
clearing
snow from ship.
Wednesday, Nov. 29/Dec. 9
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Cold. Foul
weather
threatening. Master Jones with
sixteen
men in the long-boat and shallop
came
aboard towards night (eighteen men
remaining
ashore), bringing also about ten
bushels
of Indian corn which had been found
buried.
The Master reports a long march,
the
exploration of two creeks, great
numbers
of wild fowl, the finding of much
corn
and beans,’ etc.
[This seems to be the
first mention of beans (in early Pilgrim
literature) as indigenous
(presumably) to New England. They have
held an important place
in her dietary ever since.]
Thursday, Nov. 30/Dec. 10
At
anchor in harbor. Sent shallop to head
of
harbor with mattocks and spades, as
desired
by those ashore, the seamen taking
their
muskets also. The shallop came
alongside
at nightfall with the rest of the
explorers—the
tide being out—bringing a
lot
of Indian things, baskets, pottery,
wicker-ware,
etc., discovered in two graves
and
sundry Indian houses they found after
the
Master left them. They report ground
frozen
a foot deep.
Friday, Dec. 1/11
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Carpenter
finishing
work on shallop. Colonists
discussing
locations visited, as places for
settlement.
Saturday, Dec. 2/12
At
anchor in harbor. Much discussion among
colonists
as to settlement, the Master
insisting
on a speedy determination.
Whales
playing about the ship in
considerable
numbers. One lying within
half
a musket-shot of the ship, two of the
Planters
shot at her, but the musket of the
one
who gave fire first blew in pieces both
stock
and barrel, yet no one was hurt.
Fetched
wood and water.
Sunday, Dec. 3/13
At
anchor in Cape Cod harbor. The fourth
Sunday
here. Scarce any of those aboard
free
from vehement coughs, some very ill.
Weather
very variable.
Monday, Dec. 4/14
At
anchor in Cape Cod harbor. Carpenter
completing
repairs on shallop. Much
discussion
of plans for settlement. The
Master
urging that the Planters should
explore
with their shallop at some
distance,
declining in such season to stir
from
the present anchorage till a safe
harbor
is discovered by them where they
would
be and he might go without danger.
This
day died Edward Thompson, a servant of
Master
William White, the first to die
aboard
the ship since she anchored in the
harbor.
Burying-party sent ashore after
services
to bury him.
Tuesday, Dec. 5/15
At
anchor in harbor. Francis Billington, a
young
son of one of the passengers, put the
ship
and all in great jeopardy, by shooting
off
a fowling-piece in his father’s cabin
between
decks where there was a small
barrel
of powder open, and many people
about
the fire close by. None hurt.
Weather
cold and foul.
Wednesday, Dec. 6/16
At
anchor in harbor. Very cold, bad
weather.
This day died Jasper More, a lad
bound
to Governor Carver. The second death
in
the harbor. The third exploring party
got
away from the ship in the afternoon in
the
shallop, intent on finding a harbor
recommended
by the second mate, Robert
Coppin,
who had visited it. Captain
Standish
in command, with whom were
Governor
Carver, Masters Bradford, Winslow,
John
Tilley and Edward Tilley, Warren and
Hopkins,
John Howland, Edward Dotey, and
two
of the colonists’ seamen, Alderton and
English,
and of the ship’s company, the
mates
Clarke and Coppin, the master-gunner
and
three sailors, eighteen in all. The
shallop
was a long time getting clear of
the
point, having to row, but at last got
up
her sails and out of the harbor. Sent
burying-party
ashore with body of little
More
boy, after services aboard.
Thursday, Dec. 7/17
At
anchor in Cape Cod harbor. This day
Mistress
Dorothy Bradford, wife of Master
Bradford,
who is away with the exploring
party
to the westward, fell over board and
was
drowned.
Friday, Dec. 8/18
At
anchor in harbor. A strong south-east
gale
with heavy rain, turning to snow and
growing
cold toward night, as it cleared.
This
day Master James Chilton died aboard
the
ship. The third passenger, and first
head
of a family; to die in this harbor.
Saturday, Dec. 9/19
At
anchor in harbor. Burying-party sent
ashore
after services aboard, to bury
Chilton.
Fetched wood and water.
[The death of Chilton was the first of the head of a family, and it may readily be imagined that the burial was an especially affecting scene, especially as following so closely upon the tragic death of Mrs. Bradford (for whom no funeral or burial arrangements are mentioned?? D.W.)]
Sunday, Dec. 10/20
At
anchor in Cape Cod harbor. The fifth
Sunday
in this harbor. The exploring party
still
absent. Four deaths one by drowning;
very
severe weather; the ship’s narrow
escape
from being blown up; and the absence
of
so many of the principal men, have made
it
a hard, gloomy week.
Monday, Dec. 11/21
At
anchor in harbor. Clear weather.
Tuesday, Dec. 12/22
At
anchor in harbor. Exploration party
still
absent.
Wednesday, Dec. 13/23
At
anchor in harbor. Exploration party
returned
to ship, where much sad
intelligence
met them (especially Master
Bradford),
as to his wife’s drowning. The
exploring
party report finding a
considerable
Indian burying-place; several
Indian
houses; a fierce attack on them by
Indians
on Friday morning, but without
harm;
a severe gale on the same afternoon,
in
Thursday, Dec. 14/24
At
anchor, Cape Cod harbor. The colonists
have
determined to make settlement at the
harbor
they visited, and which is
apparently,
by Captain John Smith’s chart
of
1616, no other than the place he calls
“Plimoth”
thereon. Fetched wood and water.
Friday, Dec. 15/25
Weighed
anchor to go to the place the
exploring
party discovered. Course west,
after
leaving harbor. Shallop in company.
Coming
within two leagues, the wind coming
northwest,
could not fetch the harbor, and
was
faine to put round again towards Cape
Cod.
Made old anchorage at night. The
thirty-fifth
night have lain at anchor
here.
Shallop returned with ship.
Saturday, Dec. 16/26
Comes
in with fair wind for Plymouth.
Weighed
anchor and put to sea again and made
harbor
safely. Shallop in company. Within
half
an hour of anchoring the wind changed,
so
if letted [hindered] but a little had
gone
back to Cape Cod. A fine harbor.
Let
go anchors just within a long spur of
beach
a mile or more from shore. The end of
the
outward voyage; one hundred and two days
from
Plymouth (England to Plymouth New
England).
One hundred and fifty-five days
from
London.
The ships
journal while she lay in
Plymouth harbor
Sunday, Dec. 17/27
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Services on
ship.
This harbor is a bay greater than
Cape
Cod, compassed with goodly land. It is
in
fashion like a sickle or fish-hook.
Monday, Dec. 18/28
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor: The Master of
the
ship, with three or four of the sailors
and
several of the Planters, went aland and
marched
along the coast several miles.
Made
careful examination of locality. Found
many
brooks of fine water, abundant wood,
etc.
The party came aboard at night weary
with
marching.
Tuesday, Dec. 19/29
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor. A party from
the
ship went ashore to discover, some
going
by land and some keeping to the
shallop.
A creek was found leading up
within
the land and followed up three
English
miles, a very pleasant river at
full
sea. It was given the name of “Jones
River”
in compliment to the Master of the
ship.
A bark of thirty tons may go up at
high
tide, but the shallop could scarcely
pass
at low water. All came aboard at
night
with resolution to fix, to-morrow,
which
of the several places examined they
would
settle upon.
Wednesday, Dec. 20/30
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor, many ill. Dec.
After
service the colonists decided to go
ashore
this morning and determine upon one
of
two places which were thought most
fitting
for their habitation. So a
considerable
party went ashore and left
twenty
of their number there to make a
rendezvous,
the rest coming on board at
night.
They reported that they had chosen
by
the most voices the site first looked at
by
the largest brook, near where they
landed
on the 11th on a large rock
[Plymouth
Rock].
[The “Rock” seems to have become the established landing place of the Pilgrims, from the time of the first visit of the third exploring party on December 11/21. The absurdity of the claims of the partisans of Mary Chilton, in the foolish contention which existed for many years as to whether she or John Alden was the first person to set foot upon the “Rock,” is shown by the fact that, of course, no women were with the third exploring party which first landed there, while it is also certain that Alden was not of that exploring party. That Mary Chilton may have been the first woman to land at Cape Cod harbor is entirely possible, as it is that she or John Alden may have been the first person to land on the “Rock” after the ship arrived in Plymouth harbor. It was a vexatious travesty upon history (though perpetuated by parties who ought to have been correct) that the Association for building the Pilgrim Monument at Plymouth should issue a pamphlet giving a picture of the “Landing of the Pilgrims, December 21, 1620,” in which women are pictured, and in which the shallop is shown with a large fore-and-aft mainsail, while on the same page is another picture entitled, “The Shallop of the may-Flower,” having a large yard and square-sail, and a “Cuddy” (which last the may-FLOWER’S shallop we know did not have). The printed description of the picture, however, says: “The cut is copied from a picture by Van der Veldt, a Dutch painter of the seventeenth century, representing a shallop,” etc. It is matter of regret to find that a book like Colonel T. W. Higginson’s ‘Book of American Explorers’, intended for a text-book, and bearing the imprint of a house like Longmans, Green & Co. should actually print a “cut” showing Mary Chilton landing from a boat full of men (in which she is the only woman) upon a rock, presumably Plymouth Rock.]
Thursday, Dec. 21/31
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor. Wet and
stormy,
so the Planters could not go ashore
as
planned, having blown hard and rained
extremely
all night. Very uncomfortable
for
the party on shore. So tempestuous
that
the shallop could not go to land as
soon
as was meet, for they had no victuals
on
land. About eleven o’clock the shallop
went
off with much ado with provision, but
could
not return, it blew so strong. Such
foul
weather forced to ride with three
anchors
ahead. This day Richard
Britteridge,
one of the colonists, died
aboard
the ship, the first to die in this
harbor.
Friday, Dec. 22/Jan. 1
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor. The storm
continues,
so that no one could go ashore,
or
those on land come aboard. This morning
goodwife
Allerton was delivered of a son,
but
dead-born. The third child born on
board
the ship since leaving England,—the
first
in this harbor.
Saturday, Dec. 23/Jan. 2
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Sent body of
Britteridge
ashore for burial, the storm
having
prevented going before, and also a
large
party of colonists to fell timber,
etc.
Left a large number on shore at the
rendezvous.
Fetched wood and water.
Sunday, Dec. 24/Jan. 3
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor. Second Sunday
here.
This day died Solomon Prower, one of
the
family of Master Martin, the treasurer
of
the colonists, being the sixth death
this
month, and the second in this harbor.
A
burying-party went ashore with Prower’s
body,
after services aboard.
Monday, Dec. 25/Jan. 4
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Christmas
Day,
but not observed by these colonists,
they
being opposed to all saints’ days,
etc.
The men on shore Sunday reported that
they
“heard a cry of some savages,” as they
thought,
that day. A large party went
ashore
this morning to fell timber and
begin
building. They began to erect the
first
house about twenty feet square for
their
common use, to receive them and their
goods.
Another alarm as of Indians this
day.
All but twenty of the Planters came
aboard
at night, leaving the rest to keep
court
of guard. The colonists began to
drink
water, but at night the Master caused
them
to have some beer.
Tuesday, Dec. 26/Jan. 5
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. A violent
storm
of wind and rain. The weather so
foul
this morning that none could go
ashore.
Wednesday, Dec. 27/Jan. 6
At
anchor in harbor. Sent working party
ashore.
All but the guard came aboard at
night.
Thursday, Dec. 28/Jan. 7
At
anchor. All able went ashore this
morning
to work on a platform for ordnance
on
the hill back of the settlement,
commanding
the harbor. The Planters this
day
laid out their town-site and allotted
ground
to the several families. Many of
the
colonists ill from exposure. All but
the
guard came off to the ship at night.
Friday, Dec. 29/Jan. 8
At
anchor in harbor. No working-party went
aland.
The Planters fitting tools, etc.,
for
their work. The weather wet and cold.
Saturday, Dec. 30/Jan. 9
At
anchor in harbor. Very stormy and cold.
No
working-party sent aland. The Planters
fitting
tools, etc. Great smokes of fires
visible
from the ship, six or seven miles
away,
probably made by Indians.
Sunday, Dec. 31/Jan. 10
At
anchor in harbor. The third Sunday in
this
harbor. Sailors given leave to go
ashore.
Many colonists ill.
Monday, Jan. 1/Jan. 11
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. This day
Degory
Priest, one of the colonists, died
aboard
the ship. A large party went ashore
early
to work. Much time lost between ship
and
shore, the ship drawing so much water
as
obliged to anchor a mile and a half off.
The
working-party came aboard at nightfall.
Fetched
wood and water.
Tuesday, Jan. 2/Jan. 12
At
anchor in harbor. Sent burying-party
ashore
with Priest’s body. Weather good.
Working-party
aland and returned to ship at
night.
Wednesday, Jan. 3/Jan. 13
At
anchor in harbor. Working-party aland,
returned
at night. They report seeing
great
fires of the Indians. Smoke seen
from
the ship. Have seen no savages since
arrival.
Thursday, Jan. 4/Jan. 14
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Captain
Standish,
with four or five men, went to
look
for savages, and though they found
some
of their old houses “wigwams” could
not
meet with any of them.
Friday, Jan. 5/Jan. 15
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Working-
party
went aland early. One of the sailors
found
a live herring upon the shore, which
the
Master had to his supper. As yet have
caught
but one cod.
Saturday, Jan. 6/Jan. 16
At
anchor in harbor. In judgment of
Masters
Brewster, Bradford, and others,
Master
Martin, the colonists’ treasurer,
was
so hopelessly ill that Governor Carver,
who
had taken up his quarters on land, was
sent
for to come aboard to speak with him
about
his accounts. Fetched wood and water.
Sunday, Jan. 7/Jan. 17
At
anchor in harbor. Fourth Sunday here.
Governor
Carver came aboard to talk with
Master
Martin, who was sinking fast.
Monday, Jan. 8/Jan. 18
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. A very fan
fair
day. The working-party went aland
early.
The Master sent, the shallop for
fish.
They had a great tempest at sea and
were
in some danger. They returned to the
ship
at night, with three great seals they
had
shot, and an excellent great cod.
Master
Martin died this day. He had been a
“governour”
of the passengers on the ship,
and
an “assistant,” and was an Adventurer.
One
of the Master-mates took a musket, and
went
with young Francis Billington to find
the
great inland sea the latter had seen
from
the top of a tree, and found a great
water,
in two great lakes [Billington Sea,]
also
Indian houses.
Tuesday, Jan. 9/Jan. 19
At
anchor in harbor. Fair day. Sent
burying-party
ashore after services aboard,
with
the body of Master Martin, and he was
buried
with some ceremony on the hill near
the
landing-place. The settlers drew lots
for
their meersteads and garden-plots. The
common-house
nearly finished, wanting only
covering.
Wednesday, Jan. 10/Jan. 20
At
anchor in harbor. Party went aland from
ship.
Frosty.
Thursday, Jan. 11/Jan. 21
At
anchor in harbor. A fair day. Party
ashore
from ship and coming off at night,
reported
Master William Bradford very ill:
Many
ill aboard.
Friday, Jan. 12/Jan. 22
At
anchor in harbor. Began to rain at noon
and
stopped all work. Those coming aboard
ship
at night reported John Goodman and
Peter
Browne, two of the colonists,
missing,
and fears entertained that they
may
have been taken by Indians. Froze and
snowed
at night. The first snow for a
month.
An extremely cold night.
Saturday, Jan. 13/Jan. 23
At
anchor in harbor. The Governor sent out
an
armed party of ten or twelve to look for
the
missing men, but they returned without
seeing
or hearing anything at all of them.
Those
on shipboard much grieved, as deeming
them
lost. Fetched wood and water.
Sunday, Jan. 14/Jan. 24
At
anchor in harbor. About six o’clock in
the
morning, the wind being very great, the
watch
on deck spied the great new
rendezvous
on shore on fire and feared it
fired
by Indians, but the tide being out,
men
could not get ashore for three quarters
of
an hour, when they went armed. At the
landing
they heard that the lost men were
returned,
some frost-bitten, and that the
thatch
Monday, Jan. 15/Jan. 25
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Rained much
all
day. They on shipboard could not go
ashore
nor they on shore do any labor, but
were
all wet.
Tuesday, Jan. 16/Jan. 26
At
anchorage. A fine, sunshining day like
April.
Party went aland betimes. Many ill
both
on ship and on shore.
Wednesday, Jan. 17/Jan. 27
At
anchorage. Another fine, sunshining
day.
Working-party went aland early. Set
on
shore some of the Planters’ goods.
[Mourt’s Relation, Dexter’s ed. p. 77. Bradford states (op. cit. Mass. ed. p. 110) that they were hindered in getting goods ashore by “want of boats,” as well as sickness. Mention is made only of the “long-boat” and shallop. It is possible there were no others, except the Master’s skiff]
Thursday, Jan. 18/Jan. 28
At
anchorage. Another fine, bright day.
Some
of the common goods [i.e. belonging
to
all] set on shore.
Friday, Jan. 19/Jan. 29
At
anchorage. A shed was begun on shore to
receive
the goods from the ship. Rained at
noon
but cleared toward night.
[Cleared toward evening
(though wet at noon), and John Goodman went
out to try his frozen
feet, as is recorded, and had his encounter
with wolves.]
Saturday, Jan. 20/Jan. 30
At
anchorage. Shed made ready for goods
from
ship. Fetched wood and water.
Sunday, Jan. 21/Jan. 31
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Sixth Sunday
in
this harbor. Many ill. The Planters
kept
their meeting on land to-day for the
first
time, in the common-house.
Monday, Jan. 22/Feb. 1
At
anchorage. Fair day. Hogsheads of meal
sent
on shore from ship and put in
storehouse.
Tuesday, Jan. 23/Feb. 2
At
anchorage. The general sickness
increases,
both on shipboard and on land.
Wednesday, Jan. 24/Feb. 3
At
anchor in harbor. Fair weather. Party
on
shore from ship and returned at night.
Thursday, Jan. 25/Feb. 4
At
anchorage. Weather good. Party set
ashore
and came aboard at night.
Friday, Jan. 26/Feb. 5
At
anchorage. Weather good. Party set
ashore.
The sickness increases.
Saturday, Jan. 27/Feb. 6
At
anchorage. Weather fair. Good working
weather
all the week, but many sick.
Fetched
wood and water.
Sunday, Jan. 28/Feb. 7
At
anchorage, Plymouth harbor. Seventh
Sunday
in this harbor. Meeting kept on
shore.
Those of Planters on board who were
able,
and some of the ship’s company, went
ashore,
and came off after service.
Monday, Jan. 29/Feb. 8
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor. Morning cold,
with
frost and sleet, but after reason ably
fair.
Both long-boat and shallop carrying
Planters’
goods on shore. Those returning
reported
that Mistress Rose Standish, wife
of
Captain Standish, died to-day.
Tuesday, Jan. 30/Feb. 9
At
anchorage. Cold, frosty weather, so no
working-party
went on shore from ship. The
Master
and others of the ship’s company saw
two
savages that had been on the island
near
the ship [Clarke’s Island]. They were
gone
so far back again before they were
discovered
that could not speak with them.
The
first natives actually seen since the
encounter
on the Cape.
Wednesday, Jan. 31/Feb. 10
At
anchor in harbor. Still cold and
frosty,
with sleet. No party went on
shore.
Eight of the colonists have died
this
month on the ship and on shore.
Thursday, Feb. 1/Feb. 11
At
anchor in harbor. Weather better, and
some
of those on board the ship went on
shore
to work, but many ill.
Friday, Feb. 2/Feb. 12
At
anchorage. The same.
Saturday, Feb. 3/13
At
anchorage. Weather threatening. Fetched
wood
and water.
Sunday, Feb. 4/14
At
anchor, Plymouth harbor. The eighth
Sunday
in this harbor, and now inexpedient
to
think of getting away, till both Planters
and
crew in better condition as to health.
[Bradford, Historie, p. 92; Young, Chronicler, p. 198. Bradford says (op. cit. Mass. ed, pp. 120, 121): “The reason on their parts why she stayed so long was ye necessitie and danger that lay upon them, for it was well toward ye ende of December before she could land anything here, or they able to receive anything ashore. After wards, ye 14 of January the house which they had made for a general randevoze by casulty fell afire, and some were faine to retire aboard for shelter. Then the sickness begane to fall sore amongst them, and ye weather so bad as they could not make much sooner dispatch. Againe, the Governor & chiefe of them seeing so many dye, and fall down sick dayly, thought it no wisdom to send away the ship, their condition considered, and the danger they stood in from ye Indians, till they could procure some shelter; and therefore thought it better to draw some more charge upon themselves & friends ["demurrage?”] than hazard all. The Mr. and sea-men likewise; though before they hasted ye passengers a shore to be goone [gone], now many of their men being dead, and of ye ablest of them [as is before noted, and of ye rest many lay sick & weake, ye Mr, durst not put to sea till he saw his men begine to recover, and ye hart of winter over."]]
A very rainy day with the heaviest gusts of wind yet experienced. The ship in some danger of oversetting, being light and unballasted.
Monday, Feb. 5/15
At
anchor in harbor. Clearing weather.
Tuesday, Feb. 6/16
At
anchor in harbor. Cold and clear.
Wednesday, Feb. 7/17
At
anchor in harbor. Much colder.
Thursday, Feb. 8/18
At
anchorage. Hard, cold weather.
Friday, Feb. 9/19
At
anchorage. Cold weather continues.
Little
work possible. The little house for
the
sick people on shore took fire this
afternoon,
by a spark that kindled in the
roof.
No great harm done. The Master
going
ashore, killed five geese, which he
distributed
among the sick people. He also
found
a good deer the savages had killed,
having
also cut off his horns. A wolf was
eating
him. Cannot conceive how he came
there.
Saturday, Feb. 10/20
At
anchor in harbor. Getting goods on
shore,
but sickness makes both Planters and
crew
shorthanded. Fetched wood and water.
Sunday, Feb. 11/21
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. Ninth Sunday
in
this harbor.
Monday, Feb. 12/22
At
anchorage. Getting goods on shore.
Tuesday, Feb. 13/23
At
anchorage. Rainy.
Wednesday, Feb. 14/24
At
anchorage. More sickness on ship and on
shore
than at any time, and more deaths.
Rainy,
clearing.
[The sickness and mortality
had rapidly increased and was now at its
height]
Thursday, Feb. 15/25
At
anchorage. Northerly wind and frost.
Friday, Feb. 16/26
At
anchorage. Northerly wind continues,
which
continues the frost. Those from
shore
reported that one of the Planters,
being
out fowling and hidden in the reeds,
about
a mile and a half from the
settlement,
saw twelve Indians marching
toward
the plantation and heard many more.
He
hurried home with all speed and gave the
alarm,
so all the people in the woods at
work
returned and armed themselves, but saw
nothing
of the Indians. Captain Standish’s
and
Francis Cooke’s tools also stolen by
Indians
in woods. A great fire toward
night
seen from the ship, about where the
Indians
were discovered.
Saturday, Feb. 17/27
At
anchorage. All the colonists on the
ship
able to go on shore went this morning
to
attend the meeting for the establishment
of
military orders among them. They chose
Captain
Standish their captain, and gave
him
authority of command in affairs. Two
savages
appeared on the hill, a quarter of
a
mile from the plantation, while the
Planters
were consulting, and made signs
for
Planters to come to them. All armed
and
stood ready, and sent two towards them,
Captain
Standish and Master Hopkins, but
the
natives would not tarry. It was
determined
to plant the great ordnance in
convenient
places at once. Fetched wood
and
water.
Sunday, Feb. 18/28
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. The Feb.
tenth
Sunday in this harbor. Many sick,
both
on board the ship and on shore.
Monday, Feb. 19/Mar. 1
At
anchorage. Got one of the great guns on
shore
with the help of some of the
Planters.
Tuesday, Feb. 20/Mar. 2
At
anchorage. Getting cannon ashore and
mounted.
Wednesday, Feb. 21/Mar. 3
At
anchorage. The Master, with many of the
sailors,
went on shore, taking one of the
great
pieces called a minion, and with the
Planters
drew it up the hill, with another
piece
that lay on the shore, and mounted
them
and a saller and two bases—five guns
—on
the platform made for them. A hard
day’s
work. The Master took on shore with
him
a very fat goose he had shot, to which
the
Planters added a fat crane, a mallard,
and
a dried neat’s tongue (ox tongue), and
Planters
and crew feasted together. When
the
Master went on shore, he sent off the
Governor
to take the directions of Master
Mullens
Thursday, Feb. 22/Mar. 4
At
anchorage. Large burial-party went
ashore
with bodies of Masters Mullens and
White,
and joined with those on shore made
the
chief burial thus far had. The service
on
shore, the most of the people being
there,
Master Mullens being one of the
chief
subscribing Adventurers, as well as
one
of the chief men of the Planters, as
was
Master White. Their deaths much
deplored.
Friday, Feb. 23/Mar. 5
At
anchorage. Party from the ship went on
shore
to help finish work on the ordnance.
Saturday, Feb. 24/Mar. 6
At
anchorage. Same. Fetched wood and
water.
Sunday, Feb. 25/Mar. 7
At
anchorage in Plymouth harbor. Eleventh
Sunday
in this harbor. Mistress Mary
Allerton,
wife of Master Isaac Allerton,
one
of the chief men of the colonists, died
on
board this day, not having mended well
since
the birth of her child, dead-born
about
two months agone.
Monday, Feb. 26/Mar. 8
At
anchor in harbor. Burying-party went
ashore
to bury Mistress Allerton, services
being
held there.
Tuesday, Feb. 27/Mar. 9
At
anchorage. The sickness and deaths of
the
colonists on shore have steadily
increased,
and have extended to the ship,
which
has lost several of its petty
officers,
including the master gunner,
three
quarter-masters, and cook, and a
third
of the crew, many from scurvy.
[There can be no doubt that both planters and ship’s crew suffered severely from scurvy. The conditions all favored it, the sailors were familiar with it, and would not be likely to be mistaken in their recognition of it, and Dr. Fuller, their competent physician, would not be likely to err in his diagnosis of it. Tuberculosis was its very natural associate.]
Wednesday, Feb. 28/Mar. 10
At
anchorage. The last day of the month.
The
fifty-third day the ship has lain in
this
harbor, and from the present rate of
sickness
and death aboard, no present
capacity
or prospect of getting away, those
better
being yet weak. The Planters have
lost
seventeen this month, their largest
mortality.
Thursday, Mar. 1/11
At
anchorage. Blustering but milder
weather.
Friday, Mar. 2/12
At anchorage. Same.
Saturday, Mar. 3/13
At
anchorage. Wind south. Morning misty
[foggy].
Towards noon warm and fine
weather.
At one o’clock it thundered. The
first
heard. It rained sadly from two
o’clock
till midnight. Fetched wood and
water.
Sunday, Mar. 4/14
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. The twelfth
Sunday
in this harbor. Cooler. Clear
weather.
Monday, Mar. 5/15
At
anchorage. Rough weather.
Tuesday, Mar. 6/16
At
anchorage. Same.
Wednesday, Mar. 7/17
At
anchor in harbor. Wind full east, cold
but
fair. The Governor went this day with
a
party of five, to the great ponds,
discovered
by one of the ship’s mates and
Francis
Billington. Some planting done in
the
settlement.
Thursday, Mar. 8/18
At
anchor in harbor. Rough easterly
weather.
Friday, Mar. 9/19
At
anchorage. Same. Many sick aboard.
Saturday, Mar. 10/20
At
anchorage. Same. Fetched wood and
water.
Sunday, Mar. 11/21
At
anchorage, Plymouth harbor. The
thirteenth
Sunday the ship has lain in this
harbor.
Many of crew yet ill, including
boatswain.
Monday, Mar. 12/22
At
anchorage. Easterly weather.
Tuesday, Mar. 13/23
At
anchorage. The sickness and mortality
on
ship and on shore continue.
Wednesday, Mar. 14/24
At
anchorage. Same.
Thursday, Mar. 15/25
At
anchorage. Same.
Friday, Mar. 16/26
At
anchorage. A fair, warm day, towards
noon.
The Master and others went ashore to
the
general meeting. The plantation was
startled
this morning by a visit from an
Indian
who spoke some English and bade
“Welcome.”
He is from Monhiggon, an island
to
the eastward some days’ sail, near where
Sir
Ferdinando Gorges had a settlement. He
was
friendly, and having had much
intercourse
with Englishmen who came to
fish
in those parts, very comfortable with
them.
He saw the ship in the harbor from a
distance
and supposed her to be a fishing
vessel.
He told the Governor that the
plantation
was formerly called “Patuxet”
[or
Apaum], and that all its inhabitants
had
been carried off by a plague about four
years
ago. All the afternoon was spent in
communication
with him. The Governor
purposed
sending him aboard the ship at
night,
and he was well content to go and
went
aboard the shallop to come to the
ship,
but the wind was high and water scant
[low],
so that the shallop could not go to
the
ship. The Governor sent him to Master
Hopkins’s
house and set a watch over him.
Saturday, Mar. 17/27
At
anchor in harbor. The Master and others
came
off to the ship. Samoset the Indian
went
away back to the Massasoits whence he
came.
A reasonably fair day. Fetched wood
and
water.
Sunday, Mar. 18/28
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. The
fourteenth
Sunday the ship has lain at this
anchorage.
A fair day. The sickness
stayed
a little. Many went on shore to the
meeting
in the common-house. Samoset the
savage
came again, and brought five others
with
him.
[This Sunday visit was doubtless very much to the dislike of the good brethren, or at least of the leaders, but policy dictated every possible forbearance. Their consciences drew the line at trade, however, and they got rid of their untimely visitors as soon as possible without giving offense. Massasoit’s men seem to have shown, by leaving their peltry with them, a confidence in their new white neighbors that is remarkable in view of the brevity of their friendship.]
They left their bows and arrows a quarter of a mile from the town, as instructed. The Planters gave them entertainment, but would not truck with them.
["Truck—to
trade.” All early and modern lexicographers
give the
word, which, though
now obsolete, was in common use in parts of New
England fifty years
ago.]
They sang and danced after their manner, and made semblance of amity and friendship. They drank tobacco and carried pounded corn to eat. Their faces were painted. They brought a few skins which they left with the Planters, and returned the tools which Captain Standish and Francis Cooke left in the woods. The Planters dismissed them with a few trifles as soon as they could, it being Sunday, and they promised soon to return and trade. Samoset would not go with them, feigning sick, and stayed. Those on shore from the ship came off to her at night.
Monday, Mar. 19/29
At
anchorage. A fair day. The Planters
digging
and sowing seeds.
Tuesday, Mar. 20/30
At
anchorage. A fine day. Digging and
planting
of gardens on shore. Those sick
of
the crew mending.
Wednesday, Mar. 21/31
At
anchorage. A fine warm day. Beginning
to
put ship in trim for return voyage.
Bringing
ballast, etc. Some, including
the
Masters-mates, went on shore, who on
return
reported that the Planters sent the
Indian
Samoset away. A general meeting of
the
Planters was held at the common-house,
Thursday, Mar. 22/Apr. 1
At
anchorage. A very fair, warm day.
At
work on ship getting ready for sea,
bringing
ballast aboard, etc. Another
general
meeting of the Planters which all
able
attended. They had scarce been an
hour
together when Samoset the Indian came
again
with one Squanto, the only native of
Patuxet
(where the Planters now inhabit)
surviving,
who was one of the twenty captives
carried
away from this place by Captain Hunt,
to
England. He could speak a little English.
They
brought three other Indians with them.
They
signified that their great Sagamore,
Masasoyt,
was hard by, with Quadequina his
brother,
and all their men. They could not
well
express what they would in English,
but
after an hour the king came to the top
of
the hill, over against the plantation,
with
his train of about sixty men. Squanto
went
to him and brought a message that one
should
be sent to parley with him, and Master
Edward
Winslow went, to know hisnmind, and
signify
the wish of the Governor to have
trading
and peace with him, the Governor
sending
presents to the king and his brother,
with
something to eat and drink.
[Edward Winslow gives us here another proof of that rare self-sacrifice, that entire devotion to his work, and that splendid intrepidity which so signally characterized his whole career. At this most critical moment, the fate of the little colony trembling in the balance, when there was evident fear of treachery and surprise on the part of both the English and the savages; though the wife of his youth lay at the point of death (which came but two days later), and his heart was heavy with grief; forgetting all but the welfare of his little band of brethren, he goes forward alone, his life in his hand, to meet the great sachem surrounded by his whole tribe, as the calm, adroit diplomatist, upon whom all must depend; and as the fearless hostage, to put himself in pawn for the savage chief.]
The king, leaving Master Winslow with brother, came over the brook, with some twenty of his men, leaving their bows and arrows behind them, and giving some six or seven of their men as hostages for Master Winslow. Captain Standish, with Master Williamson, the ship’s-merchant, as interpreter,
[It would seem from the frequent mention of the presence of some of the ship’s company, Master Jones, the “Masters-mates,” and now the “ship’s-merchant,” that the ship was daily well represented in the little settlement on shore. The presence of Master Williamson on this occasion is perhaps readily accounted for. Every other meeting with the Indians had been unexpected, the present one was anticipated, and somewhat eagerly, for upon its successful issue almost everything depended. By this time Standish had probably become aware that Tisquantum’s command of English was very limited, and he desired all the aid the ship’s interpreter could give. By some means, the sachem and the colonists succeeded in establishing on this day a very good and lasting understanding.]
and
a guard of half a dozen musketeers, met
the
king at the brook,
[The guard was probably made thus small to leave the body of the colonists as strong a reserve force as possible to meet any surprise attack on the part of the Indians. Colonel Higginson, in his Book of American Explorers, gives a cut of this meeting of Massasoit and his pineses with Standish and his guard of honor, but it is defective in that the guard seems to have advanced to the hill ("Strawberry,” or later “Watson’s”) to meet the sachem, instead of only to “the brook;” and more especially in that there are but two officers with the “six musketeers,” where there ought to be three, viz. Standish, in command, Edward Window, as the envoy and hostage (in full armor), and “Mr. Williamson,” the ship’s-merchant or purser, as interpreter, perhaps acting as lieutenant of the guard. It is always matter of regret when books, especially text-books, written by authors of some repute, and publishedPage 189
by reputable houses, fail, for want of only a little care in the study of the available history of events they pictorially represent, to make their pictures and the known facts correspond.]
and they saluted each other, and the guard conducted the Sagamore to one of the new houses then building, where were placed a green rug and three or four cushions. Then came the Governor with drum and trumpet, and a guard of musketeers, and they drank to each other in some strong waters, and the Governor gave the king and his followers meat, and they made a treaty in King James’s name, and drank tobacco together. His face was painted a sad red, and his head and face were oiled, which made him look greasy. All his followers were more or less painted. So after all was done, the Governor conducted him to the brook, and his brother came, and was also feasted, and then conveyed him to the brook, and Master Winslow returned. Samoset and Squanto stayed in the town and the Indians stayed all night in the woods half a mile away. The last of the colonists on board the ship went ashore to remain to-day.
Friday, Mar. 23/Apr. 2
At
anchor. A fair day. Some of the ship’s
company
went on shore. Some of the Indians
came
again, and Captain Standish and Master
Allerton
went to see the king, and were
welcomed
by him. This morning the Indians
stayed
till ten or eleven of the clock, and
the
Governor, sending for the king’s
kettle,
filled it with pease, and they went
their
way? Making ready for sea, getting
ballast,
wood, and water from the shore,
etc.
The Planters held a meeting and
concluded
both of military orders and some
laws,
and chose as Governor, for the coming
year,
Master John Carver, who was
“governor”
on the ship.
Saturday, Mar. 24/April 3
At
anchorage. The ship’s company busy with
preparations
for the return voyage,
bringing
ballast, wood, and water from the
shore,
etc., the ship having no lading for
the
return. This day died, on shore,
Mistress
Elizabeth Winslow, wife of Master
Winslow.
Many still sick. More on the
ship
than on shore.
Sunday, Mar. 25/April 4
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. The
fifteenth
Sunday in this port. Many of the
crew
dead and some still sick, but the
sickness
and mortality lessening.
Monday, Mar. 26/April 5
At
anchor. Bringing ballast from shore and
getting
ship in trim.
Tuesday, Mar. 27/April 6
At
anchorage. Getting ballast, overhauling
rigging,
getting wood, water, etc., from
shore.
Wednesday, Mar. 28/April 7
At
anchorage. Same.
Thursday, Mar. 29/April 8
At
anchorage. The Master offered to take
back
any of the colonists who wished to
return
to England, but none desired to go.
Getting
in stores and ballast.
Friday, Mar. 30/April 9
At
anchorage. Hastening all preparations
for
sailing. Getting ballast, etc. Water
butts
filled.
Saturday, Mar. 31/April 10
At
anchorage. Setting up rigging, bending
light
sails, etc. Getting ballast and wood
from
the beach and island. The colonists
have
lost thirteen by death the past month,
making
in all half of their number.
Sunday, April 1/11
At
anchor in Plymouth harbor. The
sixteenth
Sunday the ship has lain at
anchor
here, and to be the last, being
nearly
ready to sail. Most of the crew
ashore
on liberty. In the sixteen weeks the
ship
has lain here, half of her crew (but
none
of her officers) have died, and a few
are
still weak. Among the petty officers
who
have died have been the master gunner,
boatswain,
and three quartermasters, beside
the
cook, and more than a third of the
sailors.
A bad voyage for the owner,
Adventurers,
ship, and crew.
Monday, April 2/12
Still
at anchor, but making last
preparations
for voyage. Ship’s officers
made
farewells on shore. Governor Carver
copied
out, and Giles Heale and Chris.
Jones
witnessed, Master Mullens’s will, to
go
to England.
Tuesday, April 3/13
Still
at anchorage, but (near) ready to
sail
with a fair wind. Master Williamson,
the
ship’s-merchant [purser], appointed by
Master
Mullens an overseer of his will,
takes
copy of same to England for probate,
with
many letters, keepsakes, etc., etc.,
to
Adventurers and friends. Very little
lading,
chiefly skins and roots. Make
adieus
to Governor Carver and company.
Wednesday, April 4/14
Still
at anchor in Plymouth harbor. Sails
loosened
and all ready for departure except
Governor’s
letters. Last visits of shore
people
to ship. Sail with morning tide, if
wind
serves. One hundred and ten days in
this
harbor.
Thursday, April 5/15
Got
anchors, and with fair wind got
underway
at full tide. Many to bid adieu.
Set
colors and gave Planters a parting
salute
with the ensign and ordnance.
Cleared
the harbor without hindrance, and
laid
general course E.S.E. for England
with
a fine wind. Took departure from Cape
Cod
early in the day, shook off the land
and
got ship to rights before night. All
sails
set and the ship logging her best.
And so the may-Flower began her speedy, uneventful, homeward run, of but thirty-one days, arriving in England May 6, 1621, having been absent, on her “round voyage,” from her sailing port, two hundred and ninety-six days.
Theend of the voyage
and
of this
journal
Author’s note. Of the “Log” Of the may-Flower, the author is able to repeat the assurance given as to the brief Journal of the Speedwell, and is able to say, in the happy phrase of Griffis, “I have tried to state only recorded facts, or to give expression to well grounded inferences.”
In view of the natural wish of many of “restricted facilities,” to consult for themselves the full text of certain of the principal letters and documents which have imparted much of the most definite and valuable information concerning the Pilgrim movement, it has been thought well to include certain of them here verbatim, that they may be of ready availability to the reader. The list comprises copies of—
I. The Agreement of the Merchant Adventurers and Planters;
II. The Letter of the Leyden Leaders to John Carver and Robert Cushman (at London), May 31/June 10, 1620;
III. The Letter of Robert Cushman to John Carver (then at Southampton), Saturday, June 10/20, 1620;
IV. The Letter of Robert Cushman to the Leyden Leaders, June 10/20, 1620;
V. The Letter of Robert Cushman to the Leyden Leaders, Sunday, June 11/21, 1620;
VI. The Letter of Rev. John Robinson to John Carver at London, June 14/24, 1620;
VII. The Letter of the Planters to the Merchant Adventurers from Southamp ton, August 3, 1620;
VIII. The Letter of Robert Cushman (from Dartmouth) to Edward Southworth, Thursday, August 17,1620;
IX. The may-Flower Compact;
X. The Nuncupative Will of Master William Mullens; and
XI. The Letter of “One of the Chiefe of
ye Companie” (The Merchant
Adventurers), dated at London, April 9, 1623—
Many other early original documents frequently referred to in this volume are of no less interest than those here given, but most of them have either had such publication as to be more generally known or accessible, or involve space and cost disproportionate to their value in this connection.
I
the agreement of the
merchant adventurers and planters
Anno: 1620, July 1.
1. The adventurers & planters doe agree, that every person that goeth being aged 16. years & upward, be rated at 10li., and ten pounds to be accounted a single share.
2. That he goeth in person, and furnisheth him selfe out with 10li. either in money or other provisions, be accounted as haveing 20li. in stock, and in ye devission shall receive a double share.
3. The persons transported & ye adventurers shall continue their joynt stock & partnership togeather, ye space of 7 years, (excepte some unexpected impedimente doe cause ye whole company to agree otherwise,) during which time, all profits & benifits that are gott by trade, traffick, trucking, working, fishing, or any other means of any person or persons, remaine still in ye comone stock untill ye division.
4. That at their coming ther, they chose out such a number of fitt persons, as may furnish their ships and boats for fishing upon ye sea; imploying the rest of their severall faculties upon ye land; as building houses, tilling, and planting ye ground, & makeing shuch comodities as shall be most usefull for ye collonie.
5. That at ye end of ye 7 years, ye capitall & profits, viz. the houses, lands, goods and chatels, be equally devided betwixte ye adventurers, and planters; wch done, every man shall be free from other of them of any debt or detrimente concerning this adventure.
6. Whosoever cometh to ye colonie hereafter, or putteth any into ye stock, shall at the ende of ye 7. years be alowed proportionably to ye time of his so doing.
7. He that shall carie his wife & children, or servants, shall be alowed for everie person now aged 16. years & upward, a single share in ye devision, or if he provid them necessaries, a duble share, or if they be between 10. year old and 16., then 2. of them to be reconed for a person, both in trasportation and devision.
8. That such children as now goe, & are under ye age of ten years, have noe other shar in ye devision, but 50. acers of unmanured land.
9. That such persons as die before ye 7. years be expired, their executors to have their parte or sharr at ye devision, proportionably to ye time of their life in ye collonie.
10. That all such persons as are of this collonie, are to have their meate, drink, apparell, and all provissions out of ye comon stock & goods of ye said collonie.
Governor Bradford adds:—
“The chief and principal differences betwene these & the former [original] conditions, stood in those 2. points; that ye houses, & lands improved, espetialy gardens & home lotts should remaine undevided wholy to ye planters at ye 7. years end. 2ly, yt they should have had 2. days in a weeke for their owne private imploymente, for ye more comforte of themselves and their families, espetialy such as had families.”
[Apparently, as has been noted, neither these articles of agreement, nor their predecessors which received the approval of the Leyden leaders, were ever signed by the contracting parties, until Robert Cushman brought the later draft over in the Fortune, in 1621, and the planter body (advised thereto by Pastor Robinson, who had previously bitterly opposed) signed them. Much might be truly said on either side of this controversy—indeed was said at the time; but if the Pilgrims were to abandon their contention, whatever its merits, in a year’s time, as they did, it would seemingly have been much better not to have begun it, for it undoubtedly cost them dear.]
II
letter of the Leyden
leaders to John Carver and
Robert Cushman, at
London
May 31/June 10, 1620.
To their loving freinds John Carver and Robart Cushman, these, &c.
Good bretheren, after salutations, &c. We received diverse letters at ye coming of Mr. [Thomas] Nash & our pilott, which is a great incouragmente unto us, and for whom we hop after times will minister occasion of praising God; and indeed had you not sente him, many would have been ready to fainte and goe backe. Partly in respecte of ye new conditions which have bene taken up by you, which all men are against, and partly in regard of our owne inabillitie to doe any one of those many waightie bussineses you referr to us here. For ye former wherof, wheras Robart Cushman desirs reasons for our dislike, promising therupon to alter ye same, or els saing we should thinke he hath no brains, we desire him to exercise them therin,
III
the letter of Robert
Cushman (at London), to
John Carver (at
Southampton)
Saturday, June 10/20, 1620.
To his loving freind Mr. John Carver, these, &c.
Loving freind, I have received from you some letters, full of affection & complaints, & what it is you would have of me I know not; for your crieing out, Negligence, negligence, negligence, I marvell why so negligente a man was used in ye bussines: Yet know you yt all that I have power to doe hear, shall not be one hower behind, I warent you. You have reference to Mr. Weston to help us with money, more then his adventure; wher he protesteth but for his promise, he would not have done any thing. He saith we take a heady course, and is offended yt our provissions are made so farr of; as also that he was not made aquainted with our quantitie of things; and saith yt in now being in 3. places, so farr remote, (i.e. Leyden, London, and Southampton) we will, with going up & downe, and wrangling & expostulating, pass over ye sourer before we will goe. And to speake ye trueth, they is fallen already amongst us a flatt schisme; and we are redier to goe to dispute, then to sett forwarde a vaiage. I have received from Leyden since you wente (to Southampton) 3. or 4. letters directed to you, though they only conscerne me. I will not trouble you with them. I always feared ye event of ye Amsterdamers (members of Rev. Henry Ainsworth’s church there) striking in with us. I trow you must excomunicate me, or els you must goe without their companie, or we shall wante no quareling; but let them pass.
We have reckoned, it should seeme, without our host;
and, count upon a 150. persons, ther cannot be founde
above 1200li. & odd moneys of all ye venturs you can
reckone, besids some cloath, stockings, & shoes, which
are not counted; so we shall come shorte at least 3.
or 400li. I would have had some thing shortened
at first of beare (beer) & other provissions in hope
of other adventurs, & now we could have, both in Amsterd
& Kente, beere inough to serve our turne, but now we
cannot accept it without prejudice. You fear
we have begune to build & and shall not be able to
make an end; indeed, our courses were never established
by counsell, we may therfore justly fear their standing.
Yea, then was a schisme amongst us 3. at ye first.
You wrote to Mr. Martin, to prevente ye making of
ye provissions in Kente, which he did, and sett downe
his resolution how much he would have of every thing,
without respecte to any counsell or exception.
Surely he yt is in a societie & yet regards not counsell,
may better be a king then a consorte. To be
short, if then be not some other dispossition setled
unto then yet is, we yt should be partners of humilitie
and peace, shall be examples of jangling & insulting.
Yet your money which you ther [Southampton] must
have, we will get provided for you instantly. 500li.
you say will serve; for ye rest which hear & in Holand
is to be used, we may goe scratch for it. For
Mr. Crabe, of whom you write, he hath promised to
goe with us, yet I tell you I shall not be without
feare till I see him shipped, for he [i.e. his going]
is much opposed, yet I hope he will not faile.
Thinke ye best of all, and bear with patience what
is wanting, and ye Lord guid us all.
Your
loving freind,
Robart
Cushman.
London June 10. Ano: 1620.
IV
the
letter of Robert Cushman to
the Leyden leaders
(Probably written at London, Saturday, June 10/20, 1620.)
Brethern, I understand by letters & passagess yt have come to me, that ther are great discontents, & dislike of my proceedings amongst you. Sorie I am to hear it, yet contente to beare it, as not doubting but yt partly by writing, and more principally by word when we shall come togeather, I shall satisfie any reasonable man. I have been perswaded by some, espetialy this bearer, to come and clear things unto you; but as things now stand I cannot be absente one day, excepte I should hazard all ye viage. Neither conceive I any great good would come of it. Take then, brethern, this as a step to give you contente. First, for your dislike of ye alteration of one clause in ye conditions, if you conceive it right, ther can be no blame lye on me at all. For ye articles first brought over by John Carver were never seene of any of ye adventurers hear, excepte Mr. Weston, neither did any of them like them because of that clause; nor Mr. Weston him selfe, after he had well considered it. But as at ye first ther was 500li. withdrawne by Sr. Georg Farrer and his brother upon that dislike, so all ye rest would have withdrawne (Mr. Weston excepted) if we had not altered yt clause. Now whilst we at Leyden conclude upon points, as we did, we reckoned without our host, which was not my faulte. Besids, I shewed you by a letter ye equitie of yt condition, & our inconveniences, which might be sett against all Mr. Rob: [Robinson’s] inconveniences, that without ye alteration of yt clause, we could neither have means to gett thither, nor supplie wherby to subsiste when we were ther. Yet notwithstanding all those reasons, which were not mine, but other mens wiser than my selfe, without answer to any one of them, here cometh over many quirimonies, and complaints against me, of lording it over my brethern, and making conditions fitter for theeves & bondslaves then honest men, and that of my owne head I did what I list. And at last a paper of reasons, framed against yt clause in ye conditions, which as yey were delivered me open, so my answer is open to you all. And first, as they are no other but inconveniences, such as a man might frame 20. as great on ye other side, and yet prove nor disprove nothing by them, so they misse & mistake both ye very ground of ye article and nature of ye project.
For, first, it is said, that if ther had been no divission of houses & lands, it had been better for ye poore. True, and yt showeth ye inequalitie of ye condition; we should more respect him yt ventureth both his money and his person, then him yt ventureth but his person only.
2. Consider whereaboute we are, not giveing almes, but furnishing a store house; no one shall be porer then another for 7. years, and if any be rich, none can be pore. At ye least, we must not in such bussines crie, Pore, pore, mercie, mercie. Charitie hath it[s] life in wraks, not in venturs; you are by this most in a hopefull pitie of makeing, therefore complaine not before you have need.
3. This will hinder ye building of good and faire houses, contrarie to ye advise of pollitiks. A. So we would have it; our purpose is to build for ye presente such houses as, if need be, we may with litle greefe set a fire, and rune away by the lighte; our riches shall not be in pompe, but in strength; if God send us riches, we will imploye them to provid more men, ships, munition, &c. You may see it amongst the best pollitiks, that a comonwele is readier to ebe then to flow, when once fine houses and gay cloaths come up.
4. The Govet may prevente excess in building. A. But if it be on all men beforehand resolved on, to build mean houses, ye Govet laboure is spared.
5. All men are not of one condition. A. If by condition you mean wealth, you are mistaken; if you mean by condition, qualities, then I say he that is not contente his neighbour shall have as good a house, fare, means, &c. as him selfe, is not of a good qualitie. 2ly. Such retired persons, as have an eie only to them selves, are fitter to come wher catching is, then closing; and are fitter to live alone, then in any societie, either civil or religious.
6. It will be of litle value, scarce worth 5li. A. True, it may not be worth halfe 5li. If then so smale a thing will content them, (the Adventurers) why strive we thus aboute it, and give them occasion to suspecte us to be worldly & covetous? I will not say what I have heard since these complaints came first over [from Leyden].
7. Our freinds with us yt adventure mind not their owne profite, as did ye old adventurers. A. Then they are better than we, who for a little matter of profite are readie to draw back, and it is more apparente, brethern looke too it, that make profit your maine end; repente of this, els goe not least you be like Jonas to Tarshis. Though some of them mind not their profite, yet others doe mind it; and why not as well as we? venturs are made by all sorts of men, and we must labour to give them all contente, if we can.
8. It will break ye course of comunitie, as may be showed by many reasons. A. That is but said, and I say againe, it will best foster comunion, as may be showed by many reasons.
9. Great profite is like to be made by trucking, fishing, &c. A. As it is better for them, so for us; for halfe is ours, besids our living still upon it, and if such profite in yt way come, our labour shall be ye less on ye land, and our houses & lands will be of less value.
10. Our hazard is greater than theirs. A. True, but doe they put us upon it? doe they urge or egg us? hath not ye motion & resolution been always in our selves? doe they any more then in seeing us resolute if we had means, help us to means upon equall termes & conditions! If we will not goe, they are content to keep their moneys.
Thus I have pointed at a way to loose those knots, which I hope you will consider seriously, and let me have no more stirr about them.
Now furder, I hear a noise of slavish conditions by me made; but surly this is all I have altered, and reasons I have sent you. If you mean it of ye 2. days in a week for perticuler, as some insinuate, you are deceived; you may have 3. days in a week for me if you will. And when I have spoken to ye adventurers of times of working, they have said they hope we are men of discretion & conscience, and so fitt to be trusted our selves with that. But indeed ye ground of our proceedings at Leyden was mistaken, and so here is nothing but tottering every day, &c.
As for them of Amsterdam, [i.e. the members of Rev.
Henry Ainsworth’s church there] I had thought
they would as soon gone to Rome as with us; for our
libertie is to them as ratts bane, and their riggour
as bad to us as ye Spanish Inquisition. If any
practise of mine discourage them, let them yet draw
back; I will undertake they shall have their money
againe presently paid hear. Or if the Company
think me to be ye Jonas, let them cast me of before
we goe; I shall be content to stay with good will,
having but ye cloaths on my back; only let us have
quietnes, and no more of these clamors; full little
did I expect these things which are now come to pass,
&c.
Yours,
R.
Cushman.
V
the letter
of Robert Cushman to the Leyden
leaders, London
(Sunday, June 11/21, 1620.)
Salutations, &c. I received your letter [of May 31/June 10] yesterday, by John Turner, with another ye same day from Amsterdam by Mr. W. savouring of ye place whenc it came. And indeed the many discouragements I find her,[London] togeather with ye demurrs and retirings ther,[Leyden] had made me to say, I would give up my accounts to John Carver, & at his comeing aquainte him fully with all courses, and so leave it quite, with only ye pore cloaths on my back. But gathering up my selfe by further consideration, I resolved yet to make one triall more, and to acquainte Mr. Weston with ye fainted state of our bussines; and though he hath been much discontented at some thing amongst us of late, which hath made him often say, that save for his promise, he would not meadle at all with ye bussines any more, yet considering how farr we were plunged into maters, & how it stood both on our credits & undoing, at ye last he gathered up him selfe a litle more, & coming to me 2. hours after, he tould me he would not yet leave it. And so advising togeather we resolved to hire a ship, and have tooke liking of one till Monday, about 60. laste, for a greater we cannot gett, excepte it be tow great; but a fine ship it is. And seeing our neer freinds ther are so streite lased, we hope to assure her without troubling them any further; and if ye ship fale too small, it fitteth well yt such as stumble at strawes
You shall here distinctly by John Turner, who I thinke
shall come hence on tewsday night. I had thought
to have come with him, to have answered to my complaints;
but I shal lerne to pass litle for their censurs; and
if I had more minde to goe & dispute & expostulate
with them, then I have care of this waightie bussines,
I were like them who live by clamours & jangling.
But neither my mind nor my body is at libertie to
doe much, for I am fettered with bussines, and had
rather study to be quiet, then to make answer to their
exceptions. If men be set on it, let them beat
ye eair; I hope such as are my sinceire freinds will
not thinke but I can give some reason of my actions.
But of your mistaking aboute ye mater,
& other things tending
to this bussines, I shall nexte informe you
more distinctly. Mean space entreate our freinds
not to be too bussie in answering matters, before
they know them. If I doe such things as I canot
give reasons for, it is like you have sett a foole
aboute your bussines, and so turne ye reproofe to
your selves, & send an other, and let me come againe
to my Combes. But setting aside my naturall
infirmities, I refuse not to have my cause judged,
both of God, & all indifferent men; and when we come
togeather I shall give accounte of my actions hear.
The Lord, who judgeth justly without respect of persons,
see into ye equitie of my cause, and give us quiet,
peacable, and patient minds, in all these turmoils,
and sanctifie unto us all crosses whatsoever.
And so I take my leave of you all, in all love & affection.
I
hope we shall gett all hear ready in 14. days.
Your
pore brother,
Robart
Cushman.
[London] June 11. 1620 [O.S.].
VI
A letter of Mr. John
Robinson to John Carver,
June 14. (N.S.), 1620
[Professor Arber ("The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers,” p. 317) has apparently failed to notice that in the original Ms. of Bradford, this letter is dated “June 14, 1620, N. Stile,” which would make it June 4., O.S., while Arber dates it “14/24 June,” which is manifestly incorrect. A typographical error in Arber (p. 317) directs the letter to “Leyden” instead of to London. ]
June 14. 1620. N. Stile.
My dear freind & brother, whom with yours I alwaise remember in my best affection, and whose wellfare I shall never cease to comend to God by my best & most earnest praires. You doe throwly understand by our generall letters ye estate of things hear, which indeed is very pitifull; espetialy by wante of shiping, and not seeing means lickly, much less certaine, of having it provided; though withall ther be great want of money & means to doe needfull things. Mr. [Edward] Pickering, you know before this, will not defray a peny hear; though Robert Cushman presumed of I know not how many 100li. from him, & I know not whom. Yet it seems strange yt we should be put to him to receive both his & his partners [William Greene’s] adventer, and yet Mr. Weston write unto him, yt in regard of it, he hath drawne upon him a 100li. more. But they is in this some misterie, as indeed it seems ther is in ye whole course. Besids, wheras diverse are to pay in some parts of their moneys yet behinde, they refuse to doe it, till they see shiping provided, or a course taken for it. Neither doe I thinke is ther a man hear would pay anything, if he had againe his money in his purse. You know right well we depended on Mr. Weston alone, and upon such means as he would procure for this commone bussines; and when we had in hand an other course with ye Dutchmen, broke it of at his motion, and upon ye conditions by him shortly after propounded. He did this in his love I know, but things appeare not answerable from him hitherto. That he should have first have put in his moneys, is thought by many to have been but fitt, but yt I can well excuse, he being a marchante and haveing use of it to his benefite; whereas others, if it had been in their hands, would have consumed it. But yt he should not but have had either shipping ready before this time, or at least certaine means, and course, and ye same knowne to us for it, or have taken other order otherwise, cannot in my conscience be excused. I have heard yt wen he hath been moved in the bussines, he hath put it of from him selfe, and referred it to ye others; and would come to Georg Morton [in London] & enquire news of him aboute things, as if he had scarce been some accessarie unto it. Wlether he hath failed of some helps from others which he expected, and so be not well able to goe through with things, or whether he hath feared least you should be ready too soone & so encrease ye charge of shiping above yt is meete, or whether he hath thought by withhoulding to put us upon straits, thinking yt therby Mr. Brewer and Mr. Pickering would be drawne by importunitie to doe more, or what other misterie is in it, we know not; but sure we are yt things are not answerable to such an occasion. Mr. Weston maks himselfe mery with our endeavors aboute buying a ship, [the Speedwell], but we have done nothing in this but with good reason, as I am perswaded, nor yet that I know in any thing els, save in those tow: ye one, that we imployed
VII
the letter of the
planters to the
merchant adventurers (from
Southampton)
Aug. 3. Ano. 1620.
Beloved freinds, sory we are that ther should be occasion of writing at all unto you, partly because we ever expected to see ye most of you hear, but espetially because ther should any difference at all be conceived betweene us. But seing it faleth out that we cannot conferr togeather, we thinke it meete (though brefly) to show you ye just cause & reason of our differing from those articles last made by Robert Cushman, without our comission or knowledg.
And though he might propound good ends to himselfe,
yet it no way justifies his doing it. Our maine
diference is in ye 5.& 9. article, concerning ye deviding
or holding of house and lands; the injoying whereof
some of your selves well know, was one spetiall motive,
amongst many other, to provoke us to goe. This
was thought so reasonable, yt when ye greatest of
you in adventure (whom we have much cause to respecte),
when he propounded conditions to us freely of his owne
accorde, he set this downe for one; a coppy wherof
we have sent unto you, with some additions then added
by us; which being liked on both sids, and a day set
for ye paimente of moneys, those in Holland paid in
theirs. After yt, Robert Cushman, Mr. [John]
Pierce, & Mr. [Christopher] Martine, brought them
into a better forme, & write them in a booke now extante;
and upon Robarts [Cushmans] shewing them and delivering
Mr. [William] Mullins a coppy thereof under his hand
(which we have), he payed in his money. And
we of Holland had never seen other before our coming
to Hamton, but only as one got for him selfe a private
coppy of them; upon sight wherof we manyfested uter
dislike, but had put of our estats & were ready to
come, and therfore was too late to rejecte ye vioage.
Judge therefore we beseech you indifferently of things,
and if a faulte have bene comited, lay it where it
is, & not upon us, who have more cause to stand for
ye one, then you have for ye other. We never
gave Robart Cushman comission to make any one article
for us, but only sent him to receive moneys upon articles
before agreed on, and to further ye provissions till
John Carver came, and to assiste him in it. Yet
since you conceive your selves wronged as well as
we, we thought meete to add a branch to ye end of
our 9. article, as will allmost heale that wound of
it selfe, which you conceive to be in it. But
that it may appeare to all men yt we are not lovers
of our selves only, but desire also ye good & inriching
of our freinds who have adventured your moneys with
our persons, we have added our last article to ye
rest, promising you againe by leters in ye behalfe
of the whole company, that if large profits should
not arise within ye 7. years, yt we will continue togeather
longer with you, if ye Lord give a blessing.—[Bradford
adds in a note, “It is well for them yt this
was not accepted."]—This we hope is sufficente
to satisfie any in this case, espetialy freinds, since
we are asured yt if the whole charge was devided into
4. parts, 3. of them will not stand upon it, nether
doe regarde it, &c. We are in shuch a streate
at presente, as we are forced to sell away 60li. worth
of our provissions to cleare ye Haven [Southampton]
& withall put our selves upon great extremities, scarce
haveing any butter, no oyle, not a sole to mend a
shoe, nor every man a sword to his side, wanting many
muskets, much armoure, etc. And yet we are
willing to expose our selves to shuch eminente dangers
as are like to insue, & trust to ye good providence
of God, rather then his name & truth should be evill
spoken of for us. Thus saluting all of you in
love, and beseeching ye Lord to give a blesing to
our endeavore, and keepe all our harts in ye bonds
of peace & love, we take leave & rest,
Yours,
&c
Aug. 3. 1620.
["It was subscribed with many
names of ye cheefest of ye company.”
—Bradford, “Historie,”
Mass. ed. p. 77.]
VIII
the letter of Robert
Cushman (from Southampton)
to Edward Southworth
To his loving friend Ed[ward] S[outhworth] at Henige House, in ye Duks Place [London], these, &c.
Dartmouth [Thursday] Aug. 17, [Anno 1620.]
Loving friend, my most kind remembrance to you & your wife, with loving E. M. &c. whom in this world I never looke to see againe. For besids ye eminente dangers of this viage, which are no less then deadly, an infirmitie of body Hath seased me, which will not in all licelyhoode leave me till death. What to call it I know not, but it it is a bundle of lead, as it were, crushing my harte more & more these 14. days, as that allthough I doe ye acctions of a liveing man, yet I am but as dead; but ye will of God be done. Our pinass [the Speedwell] will not cease leaking, els I thinke we had been halfe way at Virginia, our viage hither hath been as full of crosses, as our, selves have been of crokednes. We put in hear to trime her, & I thinke, as others also, if we had stayed at sea but 3. or 4. howers more, shee would have sunke right downe. And though she was twice trimed at Hamton, yet now shee is open and lekie as a seine; and ther was a borde, a man might have puld of with his fingers, 2 foote longe, wher ye water came in as at a mole hole. We lay at Hamton 7. days, in fair weather, waiting for her, and now we lye hear waiting for her in as faire a wind as can blowe, and so have done these 4. days, and are like to lye 4. more, and by yt time ye wind will happily turne as it did at Hamton. Our victualls will be halfe eaten up, I thinke, before we goe from the coaste of England, and if our viage last longe, we shall not have a months victialls when we come in ye countrie. Near 700li. hath bene bestowed at Hamton upon what I know not. Mr. Martin saith he neither can nor will give any accounte of it, and if he be called upon for accounts he crieth out of unthankfulness for his paines & care, that we are susspitious of him, and flings away, and will end nothing. Also he so insulteh over our poore people with shuch scorne and contempte, as if they were not good enough to wipe his shoes. It would break your hart to see his dealing, and ye mourning of our people. They complaine to me, & alass! I can doe nothing for them; if I speake to him, he flies in my face, as mutinous, and saith no complaints shall be heard or received but by him selfe, and saith they are forwarde, & waspish, discontented people, & I doe ill to hear them. Ther are others yt would lose all they have put in, or make satisfaction for what they have had, that they might departe; but he will not hear them, nor suffer them to goe ashore, least they should rune away. The sailors also are so offended at
But did all that money flie to Hamton, or was it his owne? Who will goe lay out money so rashly & lavishly as he did, and never know how he comes by it, or on what conditions? I tould him of ye alteration longe agoe, & he was contente; but now he dominires, & said I had betrayed them into ye hands of slaves; he is not beholden to them, he can set out 2 ships him selfe to a viage. When, good man? He hath but 50li. in, & if he should give up his accounts he would not have a penie left him, —["This was found true afterwards.] W[illiam] B"[radford]]—as I am persuaded, &c. Freind, if ever we make a plantation, God works a mirakle; especially considering how scante we shall be of victualls, and most of all ununited amongst our selves, & devoyd of good tutors and regimente. Violence will break all. Wher is ye meek & humble spirite of Moyses? & of Nehemiah who reedified ye wals of Jerusalem, and ye state of Israell? Is not ye sound of Rehoboams braggs daly hear amongst us? Have not ye philosophers and all wise men observed yt, even in setled comone welths, violente governours bring either them selves, or people, or boath, to ruine; how much more in ye raising of comone wealths, when ye mortar is yet scarce tempered yt should bind ye wales [walls]. If I should write to you of all things which promiscuously forerune our ruine, I should over charge my weake head and greeve your tender hart; only this, I pray
Dartmouth, Aug. 17, 1620.
IX
the
may-Flower compact
In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord, King James, by ye grace of God, of Great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland king, defender of ye faith, &c., haveing under taken, for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye Christian faith, and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly & mutualy in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves together into a civill body politick, for our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of ye ends aforesaid: and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, actes, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete & convenient for ye generall good of ye Colonie, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have here under subscribed our names at Cape-Codd ye 11. of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigne lord, King James, of England, France, & Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth. Ano. Dom. 1620
X
A copy
of the nuncupative will of
master William Mullens
[Undoubtedly taken by Governor Carver on board the may-Flower.]
[Although the dictation must, apparently, have been taken on the day of Master Mullens’s death, February 21/March 3, 1620, Governor Carver evidently did not write out his notes, and have them witnessed, till April 2, 1621, some weeks later.]
“April, 1621.
In the name of God, Amen: I comfit my Soule to God that gave it and my bodie to the earth from whence it came. Alsoe I give my goodes as followeth: That fforty poundes wch is in the hand of good-man Woodes I give my wife tenn poundes, my sonne Joseph tenn poundes, my daughter Priscilla tenn poundes, and my eldest sonne tenn poundes. Alsoe I give to my eldest sonne all my debtes, bonds, bills (onelye yt forty poundes excepted in the handes of goodman Wood) given as aforesaid wth all the stock in his owne handes. To my eldest daughter I give ten shillinges to be paied out of my sonnes stock Furthermore that goodes I have in Virginia as followeth To my wife Alice halfe my goodes. 2. to Joseph and Priscilla the other halfe equallie to be devided betweene them. Alsoe I have xxi dozen of shoes, and thirteene paire of bootes wch I give into the Companies handes for forty poundes at seaven years end if they like them at that rate. If it be thought to deare as my Overseers shall thinck good. And if they like them at that rate at the devident I shall have nyne shares whereof I give as followeth twoe to my wife, twoe to my sonne William, twoe to my sonne Joseph, towe to my daughter Priscilla, and one to the Companie. Allsoe if my sonne William will come to Virginia I give him my share of land furdermore I give to my two Overseers Mr. John Carver and Mr. Williamson, twentye shillinges apeece to see this my will performed desiringe them that he would have an eye over my wife and children to be as fathers and freindes to them, Allsoe to have a speciall eye to my man Robert wch hathe not so approved himselfe as I would he should have done.
This is a Coppye of Mr. Mullens his Will of all particulars he hathe given. In witnes whereof I have sette my hande John Carver, Giles Heale, Christopher Joanes.”
XI
the letter of “One
of the chiefe of ye companie”
[The merchant adventurers]
dated at London,
April 9, 1623
Loving friend, when I write my last leter, I hope to have received one from you well-nigh by this time. But when I write in Des: I little thought to have seen Mr. John Pierce till he had brought some good tidings from you. But it pleased God, he brought us ye wofull tidings of his returne when he was half-way over, by extraime tempest, werin ye goodnes & mercie of God appeared in sparing their lives, being 109. souls. The loss is so great to Mr. Pierce &c., and ye companie put upon so great charge, as veryly, &c. Now with great trouble & loss, we have got Mr. John Pierce to assigne over ye grand patente to ye companie, which he had taken in his owne name, and made quite voyd our former grante. I am sorie to writ how many hear thinke yt the hand of God was justly against him, both ye first and 2. time of his returne; in regard he, whom you and we so confidently trusted, but only to use his name for ye company, should aspire to be lord over us all, and so make you & us tenants at his will and pleasure, our assurance or patente being quite voyd & disanuled by his means. I desire to judg charitably of him. But his unwillingness to part with his royall lordship, and ye high rate he set it at, which was 500li. which cost him but 50li., maks many speake and judg hardly of him. The company are out for goods in his ship, with charge aboute ye passengers, 640li., &c.
We have agreed with 2 merchants for a ship of 140 tunes, caled ye Anne, which is to be ready ye last of this month, to bring 60 passengers & 60 tune of goods, &c—[Bradford, Historie, Mass. ed. p. 167.]
Governor Winslow, in his “Hypocrisie Unmasked” (pp. 89,90), indicates that the representatives of the Leyden congregation (Cushman and Carver) sought the First (or London) Virginia Company as early as 1613. It is beyond doubt that preliminary steps toward securing the favor, both of the King and others, were taken as early as 1617, and that the Wincob Patent was granted in their interest, June 9/19, 1619. But the Leyden people were but little advanced by the issue of this Patent. They became discouraged, and began early in 1620 (perhaps earlier) negotiations with the Dutch, which were in progress when, at the instance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Thomas Weston undertook (February 2/12, April 1/11, 1620) to secure the Leyden party, avowedly for the London Virginia Company, but really for its rival, the Second Virginia Company, soon to be merged in the “Council of Affairs for New England.” It was then, and under these influences, that the Leyden leaders “broke off,” as Bradford puts it, their negotiations with the Dutch authorities, who, however, apparently about the same time, determined to reject their propositions. While the renewal of the Leyden leaders’ negotiations, through Weston, were, “on their face” (and so far as the Pilgrims were concerned), with the First Virginia Company, with whom, through Sir Edwin
All business without any agreement in writing
Anxiety to get English clothes upon their red brethren
As 1620 did not begin until March 25
Borowed houres from their sleep
Crime—for such it was, in inception, nature,
and results
Forks there were none
Genius,—proverbially indifferent to detail
Lanterns—only “serving to make darkness
visible”
Malevolence rarely exercised except toward those one
has wronged
Meat was held by the napkin while being cut with the
knife
Not to be too bussie in answering matters, before
they know them
Old Style and the New Style dates
Personal inference rather than a verity
Redier to goe to dispute, then to sett forwarde
Sorie I am to hear it, yet contente to beare it
The old adage, “second thief best owner”
Theft of the may-Flower colony
Thinke ye best of all, and bear with patience what
is wanting
Transplantation to the “northern parts of Virginia”
Welcome lies acquired a hold on the public mind