Physicians say that the thumbs are the master fingers of the hand, and that their Latin etymology is derived from “pollere.”  The Greeks called them ‘Avtixeip’, as who should say, another hand.  And it seems that the Latins also sometimes take it in this sense for the whole hand: 

              “Sed nec vocibus excitata blandis,
               Molli pollici nec rogata, surgit.”

["Neither to be excited by soft words or by the thumb.” 
—­Mart., xii. 98, 8.]

It was at Rome a signification of favour to depress and turn in the thumbs: 

“Fautor utroque tuum laudabit pollice ludum:” 

          ["Thy patron will applaud thy sport with both thumbs”
          —­Horace.]

and of disfavour to elevate and thrust them outward: 

                         “Converso pollice vulgi,
                    Quemlibet occidunt populariter.”

          ["The populace, with inverted thumbs, kill all that
          come before them.”—­Juvenal, iii. 36]

The Romans exempted from war all such as were maimed in the thumbs, as having no more sufficient strength to hold their weapons.  Augustus confiscated the estate of a Roman knight who had maliciously cut off the thumbs of two young children he had, to excuse them from going into the armies; and, before him, the Senate, in the time of the Italic war, had condemned Caius Vatienus to perpetual imprisonment, and confiscated all his goods, for having purposely cut off the thumb of his left hand, to exempt himself from that expedition.  Some one, I have forgotten who, having won a naval battle, cut off the thumbs of all his vanquished enemies, to render them incapable of fighting and of handling the oar.  The Athenians also caused the thumbs of the AEginatans to be cut off, to deprive them of the superiority in the art of navigation.

In Lacedaemon, pedagogues chastised their scholars by biting their thumbs.

CHAPTER XXVII

COWARDICE THE MOTHER OF CRUELTY

I have often heard it said that cowardice is the mother of cruelty; and I have found by experience that malicious and inhuman animosity and fierceness are usually accompanied with feminine weakness.  I have seen the most cruel people, and upon frivolous occasions, apt to cry.  Alexander, the tyrant of Pheres, durst not be a spectator of tragedies in the theatre, for fear lest his citizens should see him weep at the misfortunes of Hecuba and Andromache, who himself without pity caused so many people every day to be murdered.  Is it not meanness of spirit that renders them so pliable to all extremities?  Valour, whose effect is only to be exercised against resistance—­

          “Nec nisi bellantis gaudet cervice juvenci”—­

          ["Nor delights in killing a bull unless he resists.” 
          —­Claudius, Ep. ad Hadrianum, v. 39.]