[1] See ‘Stirring Times in Austria,’ in this volume.

[2] Here is another piece of picturesque history; and it reminds us that shabbiness and dishonesty are not the monopoly of any race or creed, but are merely human: 

’Congress has passed a bill to pay $379.56 to Moses Pendergrass, of Libertyville, Missouri.  The story of the reason of this liberality is pathetically interesting, and shows the sort of pickle that an honest man may get into who undertakes to do an honest job of work for Uncle Sam.  In 1886 Moses Pendergrass put in a bid for the contract to carry the mail on the route from Knob Lick to Libertyville and Coffman, thirty miles a day, from July 1, 1887, for one years.  He got the postmaster at Knob Lick to write the letter for him, and while Moses intended that his bid should be $400, his scribe carelessly made it $4.  Moses got the contract, and did not find out about the mistake until the end of the first quarter, when he got his first pay.  When he found at what rate he was working he was sorely cast down, and opened communication with the Post Office Department.  The department informed his that he must either carry out his contract or throw it up, and that if he threw it up his bondsman would have the pay the Government $1,459.85 damages.  So Moses carried out his contract, walked thirty miles every week-day for a year, and carried the mail, and received for his labour $4, or, to be accurate, $6.84; for, the route being extended after his bid was accepted, his pay was proportionately increased.  Now, after ten years, a bill was finally passed to pay to Moses the difference between what he earned in that unlucky year and what he received.’

The ‘Sun,’ which tells the above story, says that bills were introduced in three or four Congresses for Moses’ relief, and that committees repeatedly investigated his claim.

It took six Congresses, containing in their persons the compressed virtues of 70,000,000 of people, and cautiously and carefully giving expression to those virtues in the fear of God and the next election, eleven years to find out some way to cheat a fellow Christian out of about $13 on his honestly executed contract, and out of nearly $300 due him on its enlarged terms.  And they succeeded.  During the same time they paid out $1,000,000,000 in pensions—­a third of it unearned and undeserved.  This indicates a splendid all-round competency in theft, for it starts with farthings, and works its industries all the way up to ship-loads.  It may be possible that the Jews can beat this, but the man that bets on it is taking chances.

[3] The article was written in the summer of 1898.

[4] In Austria the renaming was merely done because the Jews in some newly-acquired regions had no surnames, but were mostly named Abraham and Moses, and therefore the tax-gatherer could tell t’other from which, and was likely to lose his reason over the matter.  The renaming was put into the hands of the War Department, and a charming mess the graceless young lieutenants made of it.  To them a Jew was of no sort of consequence, and they labelled the race in a way to make the angels weep.  As an example, take these two:  Abraham Bellyache and Schmul Godbedamned—­Culled from ‘Namens Studien,’ by Karl Emil Fransos.