68A.  The Comparative Method is appealed to where direct evidence is wanting.  Explain this.

69.  What is meant by a doctrine being unverifiable?  If a conclusion reached by deduction does not agree with the facts, where must we look for error?

70.  There are certain cases in which failure of verification is fatal to a theory, and other cases in which it is of comparatively little cogency.  How would you distinguish between these classes of cases? [S]

71.  Taking the “evolution,” or any other proposed hypothesis, how should one proceed (a) to show whether it satisfies the conditions of a legitimate hypothesis sufficiently to entitle it to investigation, and (b) to test it with a view to its acceptance or rejection as a truth of science? [S]

72.  What do you mean by saying that “a phenomenon has been satisfactorily explained”?

73.  Explain and illustrate the Historical Method of Sociological inquiry. [S]

74.  What is the relation of the theory of Probability to Logic? [S]

75.  Explain and discuss the doctrine that Induction is based upon the Theory of Probability. [S]

75A.  What are the logical grounds of the Law of Error?

76.  Explain the nature and use of Classification, the means to, and tests of, its successful performance. [S]

77.  What is Definition and what is its use?  Mention various difficulties that occur in the process, and show how they are to be met. [S]

78.  Propose rules for a good Division and a good Definition, and exemplify the breach of them. [S]

79.  Examine the validity of the idea of Real Kinds. [O]

80.  What kind of words are indefinable, and why?  When do we define by negation and by example? [S]

81.  Distinguish between the province and aims of classification and (logical) division.  Illustrate. [S]

82.  What is an infima species or species specialissima?  Compare the use of the terms genus and species in Logic with that which is common in speaking of animals or plants. [S]

83.  How far does the formation of Definitions and Classifications constitute the end of Science? [S]

84.  Examine the methodological relations between Definition, Classification and Nomenclature. [S]

85.  Give instances of “Differentia,” “Property,” “Inseparable Accident”; and examine, with reference to your instances, how far it is possible to distinguish them. [S]

V. MISCELLANEOUS.

86.  “People can reason without the help of Logic.”  Why is this not a sufficient objection to the study?  In your answer show distinctly why Logic should be studied. [S]

87.  What is the meaning of the assertion that Logic is concerned with the form, and not with the matter, of thought? [S]

88.  “Neither by deductive nor inductive reasoning can we add a tittle to our implicit knowledge.” (Jevons.) Explain and criticise. [S]