Galba is a farmer
    Galba est agricola
  The sailor fights
    Nauta pugnat

In each of these sentences there are two parts: 

  SUBJECT PREDICATE
    Galba is a farmer
      Galba
    The sailor fights
      Nauta pugnat

  2.  The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something
  is said, and is therefore a noun or some word which can serve the
  same purpose.

    a. Pronouns, as their name implies (pro, “instead of,” and
    noun), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating
    the same noun, as, Galba is a farmer; /he\ is a sturdy fellow.

  3.  The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and consists
  of a verb with or without modifiers.

    a. A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act)
    concerning a person, place, or thing.

20. The Object.  In the two sentences, The boy hit the ball and The ball hit the boy, the same words are used, but the meaning is different, and depends upon the order of the words.  The doer\ of the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the subject\. That to which something is done\ is the direct object\ of the verb. The boy hit the ball is therefore analyzed as follows: 

SUBJECT        PREDICATE
/-----------\
The boy    hit the ball
(verb)  (direct object)

a. A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in the sentence above, is called a transitive verb\.  A verb which does not admit of a direct object is called intransitive\, as, I walk, he comes.

21. The Copula.  The verb to be in its different forms—­are, is, was, etc.—­does not tell us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object.  It simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning.  Hence it is called the copula\, that is, _the joiner_ or _link_.

22. In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas: 

  1.  America est patria mea
     America is fatherland my

  2.  Agricola filiam amat
     (The) farmer (his) daughter loves

  3.  Filia est Iulia
     (His) daughter is Julia

  4.  Iulia et agricola sunt in insula
     Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island

  5.  Iulia aquam portat
     Julia water carries

  6.  Rosam in comis habet
     (A) rose in (her) hair (she) has

  7.  Iulia est puella pulchra
     Julia is (a) girl pretty