(A) The Mongol Epoch (1280-1368)

1 Beginning of new foreign rules                                   232
2 “Nationality legislation”                                        233
3 Military position                                                234
4 Social situation                                                 235
5 Popular risings:  National rising                                 238
6 Cultural                                                         241

(B) The Ming Epoch (1368-1644)

1 Start.  National feeling                                          243
2 Wars against Mongols and Japanese                                244
3 Social legislation within the existing order                     246
4 Colonization and agricultural developments                       248
5 Commercial and industrial developments                           250
6 Growth of the small gentry                                       252
7 Literature, art, crafts                                          253
8 Politics at court                                                256
9 Navy.  Southward expansion                                        258
10 Struggles between cliques                                       259
11 Risings                                                         262
12 Machiavellism                                                   263
13 Foreign relations in the sixteenth century                      264
14 External and internal perils                                    266

(C) The Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911)

1 Installation of the Manchus 270 2 Decline in the eighteenth century 272 3 Expansion in Central Asia; the first State treaty 277 4 Culture 279 5 Relations with the outer world 282 6 Decline; revolts 284 7 European Imperialism in the Far East 285 8 Risings in Turkestan and within China:  the T’ai P’ing Rebellion 288 9 Collision with Japan; further Capitulations 294 10 Russia in Manchuria 296 11 Reform and reaction:  The Boxer Rising 296 12 End of the dynasty 299

Chapter XI:  THE REPUBLIC (1912-1948)

1 Social and intellectual position                                 303
2 First period of the Republic:  The warlords                       309
3 Second period of the Republic:  Nationalist China                 314
4 The Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945)                                317

Chapter XII:  PRESENT-DAY CHINA

1 The growth of communism                                          320
2 Nationalist China in Taiwan                                      323
3 Communist China                                                  327

Notes and References 335