he finds his profit by the tyranny; he preaches sedition and demolishes the idol which he has made, when he considers it no longer in conformity with the interests of Heaven, which he speaks of as he pleases, and which never speaks but in behalf of his interests.  No doubt it will be said, that the sovereigns, knowing all the advantages which religion procures for them, are truly interested in upholding it with all their strength.  If religious opinions are useful to tyrants, it is evident that they are useless to those who govern according to the laws of reason and of equity.  Is there any advantage in exercising tyranny?  Does not tyranny deprive princes of true power, the love of the people, in which is safety?  Should not every rational prince perceive that the despot is but an insane man who injures himself?  Will not every enlightened prince beware of his flatterers, whose object is to put him to sleep at the edge of the precipice to which they lead him?

CLI.—­RELIGION FAVORS THE ERRORS OF PRINCES, BY DELIVERING THEM FROM FEAR AND REMORSE.

If the sacerdotal flatteries succeed in perverting princes and changing them into tyrants, the latter on their side necessarily corrupt the great men and the people.  Under an unjust master, without goodness, without virtue, who knows no law but his caprice, a nation must become necessarily depraved.  Will this master wish to have honest, enlightened, and virtuous men near him?  No! he needs flatterers in those who approach him, imitators, slaves, base and servile minds, who give themselves up to his taste; his court will spread the contagion of vice to the inferior classes.  By degrees all will be necessarily corrupted, in a State whose chief is corrupt himself.  It was said a long time ago that the princes seem ordained to do all they do themselves.  Religion, far from being a restraint upon the sovereigns, entitles them, without fear and without remorse, to the errors which are as fatal to themselves as to the nations which they govern.  Men are never deceived with impunity.  Tell a prince that he is a God, and very soon he will believe that he owes nothing to anybody.  As long as he is feared, he will not care much for love; he will recognize no rights, no relations with his subjects, nor obligations in their behalf.  Tell this prince that he is responsible for his actions to God alone, and very soon he will act as if he was responsible to nobody.

CLII.—­WHAT IS AN ENLIGHTENED SOVEREIGN?

An enlightened sovereign is he who understands his true interests; he knows they are united to those of his nation; he knows that a prince can be neither great, nor powerful, nor beloved, nor respected, so long as he will command but miserable slaves; he knows that equity, benevolence, and vigilance will give him more real rights over men than fabulous titles which claim to come from Heaven.  He will feel that religion is useful but to the priests; that it is useless to society, which is often troubled by it; that it must be limited to prevent it from doing injury; finally, he will understand that, in order to reign with glory, he must make good laws, possess virtues, and not base his power on impositions and chimeras.