by saying that snow is frozen water, and, as water is black, snow must also be black.  Likewise we sometimes place the present in opposition to the present, similarly to the above-mentioned cases, and sometimes also the present in opposition to the past or the future.  As for example, when someone proposes an argument to us that we cannot refute, we say to him, “Before the founder of the sect to which you belong 34 was born, the argument which you propose in accordance with it had not appeared as a valid argument, but was dormant in nature, so in the same way it is possible that its refutation also exists in nature, but has not yet appeared to us, so that it is not at all necessary for us to agree with an argument that now seems to be strong.”  In order to make it clearer to us what 35 we mean by these oppositions, I will proceed to give the Tropes ([Greek:  tropoi]), through which the suspension of judgment is produced, without asserting anything about their meaning or their number, because they may be unsound, or there may be more than I shall enumerate.

CHAPTER XIV.

The Ten Tropes.

Certain Tropes were commonly handed down by the older Sceptics, 36 by means of which [Greek:  epoche] seems to take place.  They are ten in number, and are called synonymously [Greek:  logoi] and [Greek:  tropoi].  They are these:  The first is based upon the differences in animals; the second upon the differences in men; the third upon the difference in the constitution of the organs of sense; the fourth upon circumstances; the fifth upon position, distance, and place; the sixth upon mixtures; the seventh upon the quantity and constitution of objects; the eighth upon relation; the ninth upon frequency or rarity of 37 occurences; the tenth upon systems, customs, laws, mythical beliefs, and dogmatic opinions.  We make this order ourselves. 38 These Tropes come under three general heads:  the standpoint of the judge, the standpoint of the thing judged, and the standpoint of both together.  Under the standpoint of the judge come the first four, for the judge is either an animal, or a man, or a sense, and exists under certain circumstances.  Under the standpoint of that which is judged, come the seventh and the tenth.  Under the one composed of both together, come the fifth and the sixth, the eighth and the ninth.  Again, these three divisions are included under the Trope of relation, because 39 that is the most general one; it includes the three special divisions, and these in turn include the ten.  We say these things in regard to their probable number, and we proceed in the following chapter to speak of their meaning.

THE FIRST TROPE.