[157] Chap. 19.

    [158] As a matter of fact, only twelve days before.  It was on
          the 2nd or 3rd of January that the troops of Lower and Upper
          Germany proclaimed Vitellius.  Galba fell to Otho on January
          15.

    [159] L. Salvius Otho Titianus, Otho’s elder brother.

    [160] There were two legions in Dalmatia, two in Pannonia,
          three in Moesia, and two in Spain (see Summary, note 3).

    [161] Cp. chap. 8.

    [162] This included Savoy, Dauphine, part of Provence or
          Languedoc.

    [163] Legs.  V Macedonica, X Fretensis, XV Apollinaris.

    [164] IV Scythica, VI Ferrata, XII Fulminata, and III Gallica.

    [165] Since Claudius the great imperial bureaux, the posts of
          private secretary, patronage-secretary, financial secretary,
          &c., had all been held by freedmen.  Cp. chap. 58.

    [166] Otho and Titianus would naturally have held it for four
          months.

    [167] Vopiscus presumably came from Vienne, which had espoused
          the cause first of Vindex, then of Galba.  Cp. chap. 65.

    [168] Not to be confused with Vespasian’s brother.

    [169] Grandfather of the Emperor Antoninus Pius.

    [170] Name uncertain in MS.

    [171] i.e. to be accused of ‘treason’ was in these days to win
          public sympathy, even though the defendant were guilty of
          offences under other more useful statutes.

    [172] Seville and Merida.

    [173] As the rest of this sentence refers to Spain and
          Portugal it has been proposed to read for Lingones Lusones,
          a Celtiberian tribe round the sources of the Tagus.  The
          Lingones were devoted to the cause of Vitellius. (See chap.
          53, &c.)

    [174] They had been thrown down by the populace, when Nero,
          after divorcing Antonia, was shamed—­or frightened—­into
          taking her back. (Cp. chap. 13.)

    [175] They lived between the Dnieper and the Don, to the north
          of the Sea of Azov.

    [176] Gallica.

    [177] This would depict him in full triumphal garb.  But only
          the emperor could actually hold a triumph, since it was under
          his auspices that his generals fought.

    [178] Cohors civium Romanorum.  See note 130.

    [179] The meaning of the title praefectus legionis is
          doubtful.  It seems most likely to mean the same as praefectus
          castrorum, an officer who superintended the camp and
          sometimes acted as second-in-command (cp. ii. 89).  The post
          was one to which senior centurions could rise.  At this period
          they