and summer, shivering on the streets in their rags.  They have good times and bad.  In good times most of them manage to get enough to eat, in bad times they die of starvation.  They are dying now, they were dying yesterday and last year, they will die to-morrow and next year, of starvation; for they, unlike the Innuit, suffer from a chronic condition of starvation.  There are 40,000,000 of the English folk, and 939 out of every 1000 of them die in poverty, while a constant army of 8,000,000 struggles on the ragged edge of starvation.  Further, each babe that is born, is born in debt to the sum of 22 pounds.  This is because of an artifice called the National Debt.

In a fair comparison of the average Innuit and the average Englishman, it will be seen that life is less rigorous for the Innuit; that while the Innuit suffers only during bad times from starvation, the Englishman suffers during good times as well; that no Innuit lacks fuel, clothing, or housing, while the Englishman is in perpetual lack of these three essentials.  In this connection it is well to instance the judgment of a man such as Huxley.  From the knowledge gained as a medical officer in the East End of London, and as a scientist pursuing investigations among the most elemental savages, he concludes, “Were the alternative presented to me, I would deliberately prefer the life of the savage to that of those people of Christian London.”

The creature comforts man enjoys are the products of man’s labour.  Since Civilisation has failed to give the average Englishman food and shelter equal to that enjoyed by the Innuit, the question arises:  Has Civilisation increased the producing power of the average man?  If it has not increased man’s producing power, then Civilisation cannot stand.

But, it will be instantly admitted, Civilisation has increased man’s producing power.  Five men can produce bread for a thousand.  One man can produce cotton cloth for 250 people, woollens for 300, and boots and shoes for 1000.  Yet it has been shown throughout the pages of this book that English folk by the millions do not receive enough food, clothes, and boots.  Then arises the third and inexorable question:  If Civilisation has increased the producing power of the average man, why has it not bettered the lot of the average man?

There can be one answer only—­MISMANAGEMENT.  Civilisation has made possible all manner of creature comforts and heart’s delights.  In these the average Englishman does not participate.  If he shall be forever unable to participate, then Civilisation falls.  There is no reason for the continued existence of an artifice so avowed a failure.  But it is impossible that men should have reared this tremendous artifice in vain.  It stuns the intellect.  To acknowledge so crushing a defeat is to give the death-blow to striving and progress.

One other alternative, and one other only, presents itself. Civilisation must be compelled to better the lot of the average men.  This accepted, it becomes at once a question of business management.  Things profitable must be continued; things unprofitable must be eliminated.  Either the Empire is a profit to England, or it is a loss.  If it is a loss, it must be done away with.  If it is a profit, it must be managed so that the average man comes in for a share of the profit.