[Footnote 686:  See de Mailla, Histoire de la Chine, IX. p. 470.]

[Footnote 687:  Often called Yung-Lo which is strictly the title of his reign.]

[Footnote 688:  [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 689:  See Nanjio, Cat. 1613-16.]

[Footnote 690:  See Beal, Catena of Buddhist Scriptures, p. 398.  The Emperor says:  “So we, the Ruler of the Empire ... do hereby bring before men a mode for attaining to the condition of supreme Wisdom.  We therefore earnestly exhort all men ... carefully to study the directions of this work and faithfully to follow them.”]

[Footnote 691:  Nanjio, Cat. 1620.  See also ib. 1032 and 1657 for the Empress’s sutra.]

[Footnote 692:  Or Kalima [Chinese:  ] In Tibetan Karma de bshin gshegs-pa.  He was the fifth head of the Karma-pa school.  See Chandra Das’s dictionary, s.v., where a reference is given to kLong-rdol-gsung-hbum.  It is noticeable that the Karma-pa is one of the older and more Tantric sects.]

[Footnote 693:  [Chinese:  ], [Chinese:  ] Yuan Shih K’ai prefixed to this latter the four characters [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 694:  See Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither, pp. 75 ff.]

[Footnote 695:  When Ying Tsung was carried away by the Mongols in 1449 his brother Ching-Ti was made Emperor.  Though Ying Tsung was sent back in 1450, he was not able to oust Ching-Ti from the throne till 1457.]

[Footnote 696:  [Chinese:  ], [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 697:  [Chinese:  ] His real name was Wang Shou Jen [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 698:  [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 699:  Though the ecclesiastical study of Sanskrit decayed under the Ming dynasty, Yung-lo founded in 1407 a school of language for training interpreters at which Sanskrit was taught among other tongues.]

[Footnote 700:  [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 701:  [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 702:  De Groot, l.c. p. 93.]

[Footnote 703:  Some authorities say that he became a monk before he died, but the evidence is not good.  See Johnston in New China Review, Nos. 1 and 2, 1920.]

[Footnote 704:  See T’oung Pao, 1909, p. 533.]

[Footnote 705:  See E. Ludwig, The visit of the Tcshoo Lama to Peking, Tien Tsin Press, 1904.]

[Footnote 706:  The Ta-yun-lung-ch’ing-yu-ching.  Nanjio’s Catalogue, Nos. 187-8, 970, and see Beal, Catena of Buddhist Scriptures, pp. 417-9.]

[Footnote 707:  See for an account of his visit “The Dalai Lamas and their relations with the Manchu Emperor of China” in T’oung Pao, 1910, p. 774.]

CHAPTER XLIV

CHINA (continued)

THE CANON