ib. 
The words Sacrament and Transubstantiation, 487
Bread and wine types or symbols, ib. 
How Christ is present in the Eucharist, 488
Growth of superstition in regard to the Eucharist, 489
Danger of using language not warranted by Scripture, ib.

CHAPTER IV.

Confession and penance.

Confession often made at Baptism by disciples of John the Baptist,
and of Christ,                                                     491
The early converts forthwith baptized,                                 492
In the second century fasting preceded Baptism,                        492
The exomologesis of penitents,                                         493
Influence of the mind on the body, and of the body on the mind,        ib. 
Fasting not an ordinary duty,                                          494
Fasts of the ancient Church,                                           ib. 
Fasting soon made a test of repentance,                                495
The ancient penitential discipline,                                    ib. 
Establishment of a Penitentiary,                                       496
Different classes of penitents,                                        ib. 
Auricular confession now unknown,                                      497
Increasing spiritual darkness leads to confusion of terms,             ib.

CHAPTER V.

The constitution of the church in the second century.

Statement of Justin Martyr, 499
Great obscurity resting on the subject, 500
Illustrated by the Epistles of Clement and Polycarp, ib. 
Circumstances which led to the writing of Clement’s Epistle, 501
Churches of Corinth and Borne then governed by presbyters, 503
Churches of Smyrna and Philippi governed by presbyters, 504
The presbyters had a chairman or president, ib. 
Traces of this in the apostolic age, 505
Early catalogues of bishops—­their origin and contradictions, ib. 
The senior presbyter the ancient president, 506
Testimony of Hilary confirmed by various proofs, 507
Ancient names of the president of the presbytery, 508
Great age of ancient bishops, 509
Great number of ancient bishops in a given period, ib. 
Remarkable case of the Church of Jerusalem, 510