subjection in the interval of peace, and who now joined in the national preparations for war with England.  But there was still a rebel Earl of Douglas with whom to plot, and Edward was fortunate in obtaining the co-operation of the Duke of Albany, brother of James III, who had been exiled in 1479.  Albany and Edward made a treaty in 1482, in which the former styled himself “Alexander, King of Scotland”, and promised to do homage to Edward when he should obtain his throne.  The only important events of the war are the recapture of Berwick, in August, 1482, and an invasion of Scotland by the Duke of Gloucester.  Berwick was never again in Scottish hands.  Albany was unable to carry out the revolution contemplated in his treaty with Edward IV; but he was reinstated, and became for three months Lieutenant-General of the Realm of Scotland.  In March, 1482-83, he resigned this office, and, after a brief interval, in which he was reconciled to King James, was again forfeited in July, 1483.  Edward IV had died on the 9th of April, and Albany was unable to obtain any English aid.  Along with the Earl of Douglas he made an attempt upon Scotland, but was defeated at Lochmaben in July, 1484.  Thereafter, both he and his ally pass out of the story:  Douglas died a prisoner in 1488; Albany escaped to France, where he was killed at a tournament in 1485; he left a son who was to take a great part in Scottish politics during the minority of James V.

Richard III found sufficient difficulty in governing England to prevent his desiring to continue unfriendly relations with Scotland, and he made, on his accession, something like a cordial peace with James III.  It was arranged that James, now a widower,[58] should marry Elizabeth Woodville, widow of Edward IV, and that his heir, Prince James, should marry a daughter of the Duke of Suffolk.  James did not afford Richard any assistance in 1485, and after the battle of Bosworth he remained on friendly terms with Henry VII.  A controversy about Berwick prevented the completion of negotiations for marriage alliances, but friendly relations were maintained till the revolution of 1488, in which James III lost his life.  Both James and his rebellious nobles, who had proclaimed his son as king, attempted to obtain English assistance, but it was given to neither side.

The new king, James IV, was young, brave, and ambitious.  He was specially interested in the navy, and in the commercial prosperity of Scotland.  It was scarcely possible that, in this way, difficulties with England could be avoided, for Henry VII was engaged in developing English trade, and encouraged English shipping.  Accordingly, we find that, while the two countries were still nominally at peace, they were engaged in a naval warfare.  Scotland was fortunate in the possession of some great sea-captains, notable among whom were Sir Andrew Wood and Sir Andrew Barton.[59] In 1489, Sir Andrew Wood, with two ships, the Yellow Carvel and the Flower, inflicted a severe