League.  The truce with England was continued and was renewed in 1380, three years before the date originally fixed for its expiry.  The renewal was necessitated by various acts of hostility which had rendered it, in effect, a dead letter.  The English were still in possession of such Scottish strongholds as Roxburgh, Berwick, and Lochmaben, and round these there was continual warfare.  The Scots sacked the town of Roxburgh in 1377, but without regaining the castle, and, in 1378, they again obtained possession of Berwick.  John of Gaunt, who had forced the government of his nephew to acknowledge his importance as a factor in English politics, was entrusted with the command of an army directed against Scotland.  He met the Scottish representatives at Berwick, which was again in English hands, and agreed to confirm the existing truce, which was maintained till 1384, when Scotland was included in the English truce with France.  The truce, which was to last for eight months, was negotiated in France in January, 1383-84.  In February and March, John of Gaunt conducted a ravaging expedition into Scotland as far as Edinburgh.  During the Peasants’ Revolt he had taken refuge in Scotland, and the chroniclers tell us that the expedition of 1384 was singularly merciful.  Still, it was an act of war, and the Scots may reasonably have expressed surprise, when, in April, the French ambassadors (who had been detained in England since February) arrived in Edinburgh, and announced that Scotland and England had been at peace since January.  About the same time there occurred two border forays.  Some French knights, with their Scottish hosts, made an incursion into England, and the Percies, along with the Earl of Nottingham, conducted a devastating raid in Scotland, laying waste the Lothians.  About the date of both events there is some doubt; probably the Percy invasion was in retaliation for the French affair.  But all the time the two countries were nominally at peace, and it was not till May, 1385, that they were technically in a state of war.  In that month a French army was sent to aid the Scots, and, under the command of John de Vienne, it took part in an incursion on a somewhat larger scale than the usual raids.  The English replied, in the month of August, by an invasion conducted by Richard II in person, at the head of a large army, while the Scots, declining a battle, wasted Cumberland.  Richard sacked Edinburgh and burned the great religious houses of Dryburgh, Melrose, and Newbattle, but was forced to retire without having made any real conquest.  The Scots adopted their invariable custom of retreating after laying waste the country, so as to deprive the English of provender; even the impatience of their French allies failed to persuade them to give battle to King Richard’s greatly superior forces.  From Scotland the English king marched to London, to commence the great struggle which led to the impeachment of Suffolk and the rise of the Lords Appellant.  While England was thus