[Illustration:  FIG. 95.—­Primitive method of grinding corn.]

Suppose a 600-pound bowlder which is embedded in the ground is needed for the tower of a building.  The problem of the builder is to get the heavy bowlder out of the ground, to load it on a wagon for transportation, and finally to raise it to the tower.  Obviously, he cannot do this alone; the greatest amount of force of which he is capable would not suffice to accomplish any one of these tasks.  How then does he help himself and perform the impossible?  Simply, by the use of some of the machine types mentioned above, illustrations of which are known in a general way to every schoolboy.  The very knife with which a stick is whittled is a machine.

[Illustration:  FIG. 96.—­Separating rice grains by flailing.]

[Illustration:  FIG. 97.—­The principle of the lever.]

152.  The Lever.  Balance a foot rule, containing a hole at its middle point F, as shown in Figure 97.  If now a weight of 1 pound is suspended from the bar at some point, say 12, the balance is disturbed, and the bar swings about the point F as a center.  The balance can be regained by suspending an equivalent weight at the opposite end of the bar, or by applying a 2-pound weight at a point 3 inches to the left of F.  In the latter case a force of 1 pound actually balances a force of 2 pounds, but the 1-pound weight is twice as far from the point of suspension as is the 2-pound weight.  The small weight makes up in distance what it lacks in magnitude.

Such an arrangement of a rod or bar is called a lever.  In any form of lever there are only three things to be considered:  the point where the weight rests, the point where the force acts, and the point called the fulcrum about which the rod rotates.

The distance from the force to the fulcrum is called the force arm.  The distance from the weight to the fulcrum is called the weight arm; and it is a law of levers, as well as of all other machines, that the force multiplied by the length of the force arm must equal the weight multiplied by the length of the weight arm.

  Force x force arm = weight x weight arm.

A force of 1 pound at a distance of 6, or with a force arm 6, will balance a weight of 2 pounds with a weight arm 3; that is,

  1 x 6 = 2 x 3.

Similarly a force of 10 pounds may be made to sustain a weight of 100 pounds, providing the force arm is 10 times longer than the weight arm; and a force arm of 800 pounds, at a distance of 10 feet from the fulcrum, may be made to sustain a weight of 8000 pounds, providing the weight is 1 foot from the fulcrum.