[Footnote 665:  See Russell, Tribes and Castes of Central Provinces, p. 217, where it is said that some of them are householders.]

[Footnote 666:  See especially Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion, six volumes.]

[Footnote 667:  Macauliffe, I. p. 82.]

[Footnote 668:  The original is Karta purukh (=purusha), the creative male.  This phrase shows how Hindu habits of thought clung to Nanak.]

[Footnote 669:  The Guru of the Sikhs are:  (a) Nanak, 1469-1538, (b) Angada, 1538-1552, (c) Amardas, 1552-1575, (d) Ramdas, 1575-1581, (e) Arjun, 1581-1606, (f) Har-Govind, 1606-1639, (g) Har-Rai, 1639-1663, (h) Har-Kisan, 1663-1666, (i) Teg-Bahadur, 1666-1675, (j) Govind Singh, 1675-1708.]

[Footnote 670:  Amritasaras the lake of nectar.]

[Footnote 671:  It appears to be an arbitrary adaptation of the Deva-nagari characters.  The shape of the letters is mostly the same but new values are assigned to them.]

[Footnote 672:  This is the description of the dialect given by Grierson, the highest authority in such matters.]

[Footnote 673:  See Rajendrala Mitra’s article in J.A.S.B. XL. 1871, pp. 170-176, which gives the Sanskrit text of the Upanishad.  Also Schrader, Catalogue of Adyar Library, 1908, pp. 136-7.  Schrader states that in the north of India the Allopanishad is recited by Brahmans at the Vasantotsava and on other occasions:  also that in southern India it is generally believed that Moslims are skilled in the Atharva Veda.]

[Footnote 674:  I.e., not the Allah of the Koran.]

[Footnote 675:  This Persian translation was rendered word for word into very strange Latin by Anquetil Duperron (1801-2) and this Latin version was used by Schopenhauer.]

[Footnote 676:  He is said to have prayed for the success of the Emperor’s rebellious son.]

[Footnote 677:  This Arabic word is interpreted in this context as meaning the special portion (of God).]

[Footnote 678:  Census of India, 1901, Panjab report, p. 122.]

[Footnote 679:  Provincial Geographies of India, Panjab, Douie, 1916, p. 117.]

CHAPTER XXXII

SAKTISM[680]

Among the principal subdivisions of Hinduism must be reckoned the remarkable religion known as Saktism, that is the worship of Sakti or Siva’s spouse under various names, of which Devi, Durga and Kali are the best known.  It differs from most sects in not being due to the creative or reforming energy of any one human founder.  It claims to be a revelation from Siva himself, but considered historically it appears to be a compound of Hinduism with un-Aryan beliefs.  It acquired great influence both in the courts and among the people of north-eastern India but without producing personalities of much eminence as teachers or writers.