CHAPTER II.

     The papacy and the Tridentine council.

The Counter-Reformation—­Its Intellectual and Moral Character—­Causes of the Gradual Extinction of Renaissance Energy—­Transition from the Renaissance to the Catholic Revival—­New Religious Spirit in Italy—­Attitude of Italians toward German Reformation—­Oratory of Divine Love—­Gasparo Contarini and the Moderate Reformers—­New Religious Orders—­Paul iii.—­His early History and Education—­Political Attitude between France and Spain—­Creation of the Duchy of Parma—­Imminence of a General Council—­Review of previous Councils—­Paul’s Uneasiness—­Opens a Council at Trent in 1542—­Protestants virtually excluded, and Catholic Dogmas confirmed in the first Sessions—­Death of Paul in 1549—­Julius iii.—­Paul iv.—­Character and Ruling Passions of G. P. Caraffa—­His Futile Opposition to Spain—­Tyranny of His Nephews—­Their Downfall—­Paul devotes himself to Church Reform and the Inquisition—­Pius iv.—­His Minister Morone—­Diplomatic Temper of this Pope—­His Management of the Council—­Assistance rendered by his Nephew Carlo Borromeo—­Alarming State of Northern Europe—­The Council reopened at Trent in 1562—­Subsequent History of the Council—­It closes with a complete Papal Triumph in 1563—­Place of Pius iv. in History—­Pius V.—­The Inquisitor Pope—­Population of Rome—­Social Corruption—­Sale of Offices and Justice—­Tridentine Reforms depress Wealth—­Ascetic Purity of Manners becomes fashionable—­Catholic Reaction generates the Counter-Reformation—­Battle of Lepanto—­Gregory xiii.—­His Relatives—­Policy of enriching the Church at Expense of the Barons—­Brigandage in States of the Church—­Sixtus V.—­His Stern Justice—­Rigid Economy—­Great Public Works—­Taxation—­The City of Rome assumes its present form—­Nepotism in the Counter-Reformation Period—­Various Estimates of the Wealth accumulated by Papal Nephews—­Rise of Princely Roman Families

CHAPTER III.

     The inquisition and the Index.

Different Spirit in the Holy Office and the Company of Jesus—­Both needed by the Counter-Reformation—­Heresy in the Early Church—­First Origins of the Inquisition in 1203—­S.  Dominic—­The Holy Office becomes a Dominican Institution—­Recognized by the Empire—­Its early Organization—­The Spanish Inquisition—­Founded in 1484—­How it differed from the earlier Apostolical Inquisition—­Jews, Moors, New Christians—­Organization and History of the Holy Office in Spain—­Torquemada and his Successors—­The Spanish Inquisition never introduced into Italy—­How the Roman Inquisition organized by Caraffa differed from it—­Autos da fe in Rome—­Proscription of suspected Lutherans—­The Calabrian Waldenses—­Protestants at Locarno and Venice—­Digression on the Venetian Holy Office—­Persecution of