which he had not kept true an instant; the institution of the National Guard, which he had begun to neutralize; benedictions, followed by such actions as the desertion of the poor volunteers in the war for Italian independence?  Still, the people were not quite alienated from Pius.  They felt sure that his heart was, in substance, good and kindly, though the habits of the priest and the arts of his counsellors had led him so egregiously to falsify its dictates and forget the vocation with which he had been called.  Many hoped he would see his mistake, and return to be at one with the people.  Among the more ignorant, there was a superstitious notion that he would return in the night of the 5th of January.  There were many bets that he would be found in the palace of the Quirinal the morning of the 6th.  All these lingering feelings were finally extinguished by the advice of excommunication.  As this may not have readied America, I subjoin a translation.  Here I was obliged to make use of a manuscript copy; all the printed ones were at once destroyed.  It is probably the last document of the kind the world will see.

MANIFESTO OF PIUS IX.

“To OUR MOST BELOVED SUBJECTS:—­

“From this pacific abode to which it has pleased Divine Providence to conduct us, and whence we can freely manifest our sentiments and our will, we have waited for testimonies of remorse from our misguided children for the sacrileges and misdeeds committed against persons attached to our service,—­among whom some have been slain, others outraged in the most barbarous manner,—­as well as for those against our residence and our person.  But we have seen nothing except a sterile invitation to return to our capital, unaccompanied by a word of condemnation for those crimes or the least guaranty for our security against the frauds and violences of that same company of furious men which still tyrannizes with a barbarous despotism over Rome and the States of the Church.  We also waited, expecting that the protests and orders we have uttered would recall to the duties of fidelity and subjection those who have despised and trampled upon them in the very capital of our States.  But, instead of this, a new and more monstrous act of undisguised felony and of actual rebellion by them audaciously committed, has filled the measure of our affliction, and excited at the same time our just indignation, as it will afflict the Church Universal.  We speak of that act, in every respect detestable, by which, it has been pretended to initiate the convocation of a so-called General National Assembly of the Roman States, by a decree of the 29th of last December, in order to establish new political forms for the Pontifical dominion.  Adding thus iniquity to iniquity, the authors and favorers of the demagogical anarchy strive to destroy the temporal authority of the Roman Pontiff over the dominions of Holy Church,—­however irrefragably established through the most ancient