1.  Mary Whiton Calkins, A First Book in Psychology, p. 273.
 2.  Sully, The Teacher’s Handbook of Psychology, p. 1.
 3. Ibid., p. 54.
 4.  Hugo Muensterberg, American Problems, p. 35.
 5.  Gillette and Dana, Cost Keeping and Management Engineering,
    p. 1.
 6.  F.W.  Taylor, Shop Management, para. 221.  Harper Ed., p. 96.
 7.  F.W.  Taylor, Shop Management, para. 221-231.  Harper Ed.,
    pp. 96-98.
 8.  Compare H.L.  Gantt, No. 1002, A.S.M.E., para. 9.
 9.  Compare H.P.  Gillette, Cost Analysis Engineering, pp. 1-2. 10.  F.W.  Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, p. 37. 11.  F.W.  Taylor, Shop Management, para. 245.  Harper Ed., p. 104. 12.  For excellent example of special routing see:  Charles Day,
    Industrial Plants, chap.  VII.
13.  C. Babbage, Economy of Manufacturers. p. 172.  “The constant
    repetition of the same process necessarily produces in the
    workman a degree of excellence and rapidity in his particular
    department, which is never possessed by a person who is obliged
    to execute many different processes.”
14.  F.W.  Taylor, On the Art of Cutting Metals, Paper No. 1119,
    A.S.M.E.
15.  C.G.  Barth, Slide Rules for Machine Shops and Taylor System. 
    Paper No. 1010, A.S.M.E.
16.  H.L.  Gantt, Work, Wages and Profits, p. 19. 17.  Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, p. 2.  “The greatest improvement
    in the productive powers of labor, and the greater part of the
    skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which it is anywhere
    directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the
    division of labor.”  Also p. 4.
18.  H.K.  Hathaway, The Value of “Non-Producers” in Manufacturing
    Plants.  Machinery, Nov., 1906, p. 134.
19.  Gillette and Dana, Cost Keeping and Management Engineering,
    p. 11.
20.  Morris Llewellyn Cooke, Bulletin No. 5, Carnegie Foundation for
    the Advancement of Teaching, p. 15.
21.  H.L.  Gantt, Work, Wages and Profits, p. 120.

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CHAPTER IV

MEASUREMENT

DEFINITION OF MEASUREMENT.—­“Measurement,” according to the Century Dictionary,—­“is the act of measuring,” and to measure is—­“to ascertain the length, extent, dimensions, quantity or capacity of, by comparison with a standard; ascertain or determine a quantity by exact observation,” or, again, “to estimate or determine the relative extent, greatness or value of, appraise by comparison with something else.”