Figure 9 represents a camp (on favorable ground) of a grand-division of an army, composed of two brigades or twelve battalions of infantry, twelve squadrons of cavalry, five batteries of artillery, and three companies of engineers.

Figure 10 represents the details of a camp of a battalion of infantry composed of eight companies.

Figure 11 is the camp of a squadron of cavalry.

Figure 12 is the camp of two batteries of foot artillery, or two companies of foot engineers.

Figure 13 is the camp of two batteries of mounted artillery, or two companies of mounted sappers and pontoniers.

On undulating or broken ground the arrangement and order of the general camp, as well as the details of the encampment of each arm, would admit of much variation.[8]

[Footnote 8:  There are many valuable remarks on the various subjects comprised under the head of logistics, in the works of Jomini, Grimoard, Thiebault, Boutourlin, Guibert, Laroche Amyon, Bousmard, Ternay, Vauchelle, Odier, Audouin, Bardin, Chemevrieres, Daznan, Ballyet, Dremaux, Dupre d’Aulnay, Morin, and in the published regulations and orders of the English army.]

CHAPTER V.

TACTICS.

IV.  Tactics.—­We have defined tactics to be the art of bringing troops into action, or of moving them in the presence of the enemy;—­that is, within his view, and within the reach of his artillery.  This branch of the military art has usually been divided into two parts:  1st.  Grand Tactics, or the tactics of battles; and 2d.  Elementary Tactics, or tactics of instruction.[9]

[Footnote 9:  “It does not come within the view of this work to say any thing of the merely mechanical part of the art; because it must be taken for granted, that every man who accepts the command of an army knows at least the alphabet of his trade.  If he does not, (unless his enemy be as ignorant as himself,) defeat and infamy await him.  Without understanding perfectly what are called the evolutions, how is it possible that a general can give to his own army that order of battle which shall be most provident and skilful in each particular case in which he may be placed?  How know which of these evolutions the enemy employs against him? and, of course, how decide on a counter-movement which may be necessary to secure victory or avoid defeat?  The man who shall take the command of an army without perfectly understanding this elementary branch, is no less presumptuous than he who should pretend to teach Greek without knowing even his letters.  If we have such generals, let them, for their own sakes, if not for their country’s, put themselves immediately to school.”]

A battle is a general action between armies.  If only a small portion of the forces are engaged it is usually denominated a combat, an affair, an action, a skirmish, &c., according to the character of the conflict.  The art of combining and conducting battles of all descriptions has been designated by the name of Grand Tactics.