Can you really change your opinion and belief, for the hope of reward or the fear of punishment?  Will you not say, “As the matter stands I can’t change my belief.  You must give me proofs that I am wrong or show that the evidence I have heard is false, and then I may change my belief “?  It may be that you do get more and do change your belief.  But this change is not voluntary on your part.  It depends upon the force of evidence upon your individual mind, and the evidence remaining the same and your mental faculties remaining unimpaired—­you cannot believe otherwise any more than you can fly.

Belief, then, is not voluntary.  How, then, can it be meritorious?  When a jury try a case, all hear the same evidence, but nine say “Guilty” and three “Not guilty,” according to the honest belief of each.  Are either of these more worthy of reward on that account than the others?  Certainly you will say No!  But suppose beforehand they all know or suspect that those who say “Not guilty” will be punished and the rest rewarded:  what is likely to be the result?  Why, perhaps six will say “Guilty” honestly believing it, and glad they can with a clear conscience escape punishment; three will say “Not guilty” boldly, and rather bear the punishment than be false or dishonest; the other three, fearful of being convinced against their will, will carefully stop their ears while the witnesses for the defence are being examined, and delude themselves with the idea they give an honest verdict because they have heard only one side of the evidence.  If any out of the dozen deserve punishment, you will surely agree with me it is these.  Belief or disbelief is therefore not meritorious, and when founded on an unfair balance of evidence is blameable.

Now to apply the principles to my own case.  In my early youth I heard, as ninety-nine-hundredths of the world do, only the evidence on one side, and became impressed with a veneration for religion which has left some traces even to this day.  I have since heard and read much on both sides, and pondered much upon the matter in all its bearings.  I spent, as you know, a year and a half in a clergyman’s family and heard almost every Tuesday the very best, most earnest and most impressive preacher it has ever been my fortune to meet with, but it produced no effect whatever on my mind.  I have since wandered among men of many races and many religions.  I have studied man, and nature in all its aspects, and I have sought after truth.  In my solitude I have pondered much on the incomprehensible subjects of space, eternity, life and death.  I think I have fairly heard and fairly weighed the evidence on both sides, and I remain an utter disbeliever in almost all that you consider the most sacred truths.  I will pass over as utterly contemptible the oft-repeated accusation that sceptics shut out evidence because they will not be governed by the morality of Christianity.  You I know will not believe that in my case, and I