For some reason or other, Zacharias never accomplished his contemplated trip, notwithstanding the many inducements repeatedly offered by the czar during a period of eighteen years.  Perhaps it was because of the disturbances which rendered transportation dangerous; possibly because he preferred to serve the khan rather than the czar, for we find him, in 1500, a resident of Circassia.  See JE, vi. 107-108; vi. 12.]

[Footnote 13:  E.g.  Barakha, the hero (1601), Ilyash Karaimovich, the starosta (1637), and Motve Borokhovich, the colonel (1647).  See JE, ii. 128; iv. 283; ix. 40.]

[Footnote 14:  See Czacki, Rosprava o Zhydakh, Vilna, 1807, p. 93; Buchholtz, Geschichte der Juden in Riga, Riga, 1899, p. 3; Mann, Sheerit Yisrael, Vilna, 1818, ch. 30; Virga, Shebet Yehudah, Hanover, 1856, pp. 147 f., and Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, ix. 480.]

[Footnote 15:  The Subbotniki, Dukhobortzi, and the other dissenting, but non-Jewish, sects are not referred to here, though they may have received their inspiration from Jews or through Judaism.]

[Footnote 16:  Voskhod, 1881, i. 73-75; JE, vii. 487-488; ix. 570; Bramson, K Istorii Pervonachalnaho Obrazovaniya Russkikh Yevreyev, St. Petersburg, 1896, pp. 4-6.]

[Footnote 17:  Sternberg, Die Proselyten im xvi. und xvii.  Jahrhundert, AZJ, 1863, pp. 67-68 (ibid, in L’univers Israelite, 1863, pp. 272 f.); Mandelkern, Dibre Yeme Russyah, Warsaw, 1875, pp. 231 f.; Yevreyskaya Enziklopedya, s.v.  Zhidostvuyushchikh; Bedrzhidsky in Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnaho Prosvyeshchanya, St. Petersburg, 1912, pp. 106-122; Jewish Ledger, Jan., 1902, p. 3; Emden, Megillat Sefer, ed.  Cohan, p. 207, Warsaw, 1896.  On Count Pototzki, see Ger Zedek, in Yevreyskaya Biblyotyeka, St. Petersburg, 1892; Gershuni, Sketches of Jewish Life and History, New York, 1873, pp. 158-224 (also Introduction), and S.L.  Gordon’s ballad in Ha-Shiloah (Ger Zedek), i. 431.  On Pototzki and Zaremba, see Gere Zedek (Anon.), Johannisberg, 1862.  On modern Russian Gerim, see Die Welt, July 5, 1907, pp. 16-17 (Palestine), B’nai B’rith News, May 13, 1913 (United States), and Leroy-Beaulieu, Israel among the Nations, Engl. transl., New York, 1900, p. 110, n. 1; Yiddishes Tageblatt, July 16 and 23, 1913, Gerim in Russland, and Vieder vegen Gerim; JE, i. 336; vii. 369-370, 489.]

[Footnote 18:  HUH, pp. 3, 21 f.; Minor, op. cit., p. 4; Yevreyskiya Nadpisi, St. Petersburg, 1884, p. 217; Sefer ha-Yashar, no. 522; Eben ha-’Ezer, no. 118.  On [Hebrew:  Bn’n Hrogi] see Monatsschrift, xxii. 514.]

[Footnote 19:  Catalogue de Rossi, in. 200; Ha-Maggid, 1860, pp. 299-302; HUH, pp. 33, 40.]

[Footnote 20:  Autobiography, p. 39.]

[Footnote 21:  LBJ, ii. 95, n.; Ha-’Ibri, New York, viii., no. 33; Lehem ha-Panim, Hil.  Nedarim, no. 228.]

[Footnote 22:  Nishmat Hayyim, Lemberg, 1858, p. 83a; Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, s.v.  Horowitz; FKN, p. 74, and Ha-Maggid, in. 159.  Cf.  Sheerit Yisrael, ch. 32, and Edelman, Gedulat Shauel, London, 1854.  Reifman, in Ha-Maggid, claims that to Luria belongs the honor of being the first-known Jewish author.]