which Bacon had in view, when he says, respecting criminal courts:  “Let there be power also to inflict a note or mark; such, I mean, as shall not extend to actual punishment, but may end either in admonition only, or in a light disgrace; punishing the offender as it were with a blush."[49] A certain amount of progress has been made of late in this direction, but there is still ample room for more.  On the other hand, experience has shown that light punishments are of no avail against habitual offenders.  For the last few years this system has been in operation in the borough of Liverpool, with the result that the number of known thieves apprehended for indictable crimes has almost doubled within a comparatively short period.  According to the Chief Constable’s Report, the numbers were, in—­

1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 377 470 533 596 731

These figures show that habitual criminals will not be deterred by light sentences, but rather emboldened in their sinister career.

    [49] De Augmentis VIII. Aphorism 40.

THE END.

APPENDICES TO CRIME AND ITS CAUSES.

APPENDIX I.

Form suggested by Herr Krohne to be filled up by the police or other agency respecting prisoners for trial.

 1.  BIRTH. 
      Place?  County?  Country? 
      Date? 
      Legitimate? or illegitimate?

 2.  UPBRINGING. 
      By parents? 
      By others? 
      In a public institution?

 3.  SCHOOLING. 
      School attendance, regular or not? 
      Knowledge, Extent of? 
      Confirmed, or not? 
      Religious belief?

 4.  OCCUPATION. 
      What trade? 
      Served Apprenticeship, or not?

 5.  MILITARY TRAINING. 
      Whether served? and where?

 6.  IMPRISONMENTS. 
      How many? 
      In Local Prisons? 
      In Penal Servitude? 
      Other Punishments?

 7.  PARENTAGE. 
      Name?  Abode?  Occupation? 
      Alive or Dead? 
      Cause of death?  Suicide? 
      Temperate, or not? 
      Imprisoned, or not? 
      Were Parents related?

 8.  BROTHERS AND SISTERS. 
      Name?  Age?  Abode? 
      Occupation? 
      How many dead? and of what diseases?  Suicide? 
      Imprisoned, or not? 
      Temperate, or not?

 9.  MEANS OF LIVING. 
      With or Without? 
      Destitute? 
      A Pauper? 
      A Beggar?

10.  INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS. 
      Character?  Temperament? 
      Mental Capacity? 
      Habits?  Drunken or other? 
      Indolent?

11.  MENTAL AND BODILY STATE.
      (a) Fits or Convulsions in Childhood, Epilepsy, St. Vitus
        Dance, or other nervous diseases? 
      Insanity?  Scrofula?  Tuberculosis?
      (b) Mental and bodily state of near relations same as above?