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PART I.

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SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY.

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THE ALPHABET.

1.  The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English, except that the Latin has no w.

1.  K occurs only in Kalendae and a few other words; y and z were introduced from the Greek about 50 B.C., and occur only in foreign words—­chiefly Greek.

2.  With the Romans, who regularly employed only capitals, I served both as vowel and consonant; so also V. For us, however, it is more convenient to distinguish the vowel and consonant sounds, and to write i and u for the former, j and v for the latter.  Yet some scholars prefer to employ i and u in the function of consonants as well as vowels.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS.

2. 1.  The Vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y.  The other letters are Consonants.  The Diphthongs are ae, oe, ei, au, eu, ui.

2.  Consonants are further subdivided into Mutes, Liquids, Nasals, and Spirants.

3.  The Mutes are p, t, c, k, q; b, d, g; ph, th, ch.  Of these,—­

  a) p, t, c, k, q are voiceless,[4] i.e. sounded without voice or
  vibration of the vocal cords.

  b) b, d, g are voiced,[5] i.e. sounded with vibration of the vocal
  cords.

c) ph, th, ch are aspirates.  These are confined almost exclusively to words derived from the Greek, and were equivalent to p + h, t + h, c + h, i.e. to the corresponding voiceless mutes with a following breath, as in Eng. loop-hole, hot-house, block-house.

4.  The Mutes admit of classification also as

Labials,                        p, b, ph. 
Dentals (or Linguals),          t, d, th. 
Gutturals (or Palatals),        c, k, q, g, ch.

5.  The Liquids are l, r.  These sounds were voiced.

6.  The Nasals are m, n.  These were voiced.  Besides its ordinary sound, n, when followed by a guttural mute also had another sound,—­that of ng in sing,—­the so-called n adulterinum; as,—­

  anceps, double, pronounced angceps.

7.  The Spirants (sometimes called Fricatives) are f, s, h.  These were voiceless.

8.  The Semivowels are j and v.  These were voiced.

9.  Double Consonants are x and z.  Of these, x was equivalent to cs, while the equivalence of z is uncertain.  See Sec. 3, 3.

10.  The following table will indicate the relations of the consonant sounds:—­

VOICELESS.      VOICED.      ASPIRATES.
p,            b,           ph,       (Labials). 
Mutes,             t,            d,           th,       (Dentals).
c, k, q,         g,           ch,       (Gutturals). 
Liquids,                       l, r,
Nasals,                        m, n,
f,                                   (Labial). 
Spirants,          s,                                   (Dental).
h,                                   (Guttural). 
Semivowels,                    j, v.

a.  The Double Consonants, x and z, being compound sounds, do not admit of
classification in the above table.