2.  Brachylogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,—­

    ut ager sine cultura fructuosus esse non potest, sic sine doctrina
    animus, as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the
    mind (cannot be productive) without learning.

Special varieties of Brachylogy are—­

  a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,—­

    minis aut blandimentis corrupta = (terrifed) by threats or corrupted
    by flattery.

  b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned
  instead of the object itself; as,—­

    dissimilis erat Chares eorum et factis et moribus, lit. Chares was
    different from their conduct and character i.e.  Chares’s conduct and
    character were different, etc.

3.  Pleonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,—­

    prius praedicam, lit. I will first say in advance.

4.  Hendiadys , (one through two) is the use of two nouns joined by a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or an Adjective; as,—­

    febris et aestus, the heat of fever;

    celeritate cursuque, by swift running.

5.  Prolepsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance of the action which makes it appropriate; as,—­

    submersas obrue puppes, lit. overwhelm their submerged ships, i.e.
    overwhelm and sink their ships.

  a.  The name Prolepsis is also applied to the introduction of a noun or
  pronoun as object of the main clause where we should expect it to stand
  as subject of a subordinate clause.  Thus:—­

    nosti Marcellum quam tardus sit, you know how slow Marcellus is (lit.
    you know Marcellus, how slow he is).

  Both varieties of Prolepsis are chiefly confined to poetry.

6.  Anacoluthon is a lack of grammatical consistency in the construction of the sentence; as,—­

    tum Anci filii ... impensius eis indignitas crescere, then the sons of
    Ancus ... their indignation increased all the more.

7.  Hysteron Proteron consists in the inversion of the natural order of two words or phrases; as,—­

    moriamur et in media arma ruamus = let us rush into the midst of arms
    and die.

B. Figures of Rhetoric.

375. 1.  Litotes (literally softening) is the expression of an idea by the denial of its opposite; as,—­

    haud parum laboris, no little toil (i.e. much toil);

    non ignoro, I am not ignorant (i.e. I am well aware).

2.  Oxymoron is the combination of contradictory conceptions; as,—­

    sapiens insania, wise folly.

3.  Alliteration is the employment of a succession of words presenting frequent repetition of the same letter (mostly initial); as,—­