3.  Few observers will accept this proposition without considerable reservation.

4.  Patiala is the principal of the Cis-Satlaj Sikh Protected States.  Nabha belongs to the same group.  Both states are very loyal, and supply Imperial Service troops.  For a sketch of their history see chapters 2 and 9 of Sir Lepel Griffin’s Ranjit Singh.

5.  The Sikh is a military nation formed out of the Jats (who were without a place among the castes of the Hindoos),[a] by that strong bond of union, the love of conquest and plunder.  Their religions and civil codes are the Granths, books written by their reputed prophets, the last of whom was Guru Govind,[b] in whose name Ranjit Singh stamps his gold coins with this legend:  ’The sword, the pot, victory, and conquest were quickly found in the grace of Guru Govind Singh,’[c] This prophet died insane in the end of the seventeenth century.  He was the son of a priest Teg Bahadur, who was made a martyr of by the bigoted Muhammadans of Patna in 1675.  The son became a Peter the Hermit, in the same manner as Hargovind before him, when his father, Arjun Mal, was made a martyr by the fanaticism of the same people.  A few more such martyrdoms would have set the Sikhs up for ever.  They admit converts freely, and while they have a fair prospect of conquest and plunder they will find them; but, when they cease, they will be swallowed up in the great ocean of Hinduism, since they have no chance of getting up an ‘army of martyrs’ while we have the supreme power.[d] They detest us for the same reason that the military followers of the other native chiefs detest us, because we say ‘Thus far shall you go, and no farther’ in your career of conquest and plunder.[e] As governors, they are even worse than the Marathas—­utterly detestable.  They have not the slightest idea of a duty towards the people from whose industry they are provided.  Such a thing was never dreamed of by a Sikh.  They continue to receive in marriage the daughters of Jats, as in this case; but they will not give their daughters to Jats. [W.  H. S.]

6.  The Emperors of Delhi, from Jahangir onwards, used to strike special coins, generally of small size, bearing the word nisar, which means ‘scattering’, for the purpose of distribution among the crowd on the occasion of a wedding, or other great festivity.

a.  It has already been observed that the author was completely mistaken in his estimate of the social position of Jats.  It is not correct to say that they ’were without a place among the castes of the Hindoos’.  ’The Jat is in every respect the most important of the Panjab peoples. . . .  The distinction between Jat and Rajput is social rather than ethnic. . . .  Socially the Jat occupies a position which is shared by the Ror, the Gujar, and the Ahir; all four eating and smoking together.  Among the races of purely Hindoo origin I think that the Jat stands next after the Brahman, the Rajput, and the Khatri. . . .  There are Jats and Jats. . . .  His is the highest of the castes practising widow marriage.’ (Ibbetson, Outlines of Panjab Ethnography, Calcutta, 1883, pp. 220 sqq.) The Jats in the United Provinces occupy much the same relative position.