beget sons in women taken from their own classes, those sons take the status of their sires.  It is only when they take spouse from castes other than their own, that the children they beget become invested with inferior status.  As an example of this it may be said that a Sudra begets upon a woman belonging to the most superior order a son that is outside the pale of the four orders (for such a son comes to be regarded as a Chandala who is much inferior).  The son that is outside the pale of the four orders by uniting with women belonging to the four principal orders, begets offspring that are further degraded in point of status.  From those outside the pale of the four orders and those again that are further outside that pale, children multiply in consequence of the union of persons with women of classes superior to their own.  In this way, from persons of inferior status classes spring up, altogether fifteen in number, that are equally low or still lower in status.  It is only from sexual union of women with persons who should not have such union with them that mixed classes spring up.  Among the classes that are thus outside the pale of the four principal or pure orders, children are begotten upon women belonging to the class called Sairindhri by men of the class called Magadha.  The occupation of such offspring is the adornment of the bodies of kinds and others.  They are well-acquainted with the preparation of unguents, the making of wreaths, and the manufacture of articles used for the decoration of the person.  Though free by the status that attaches to them by birth, they should yet lead a life of service.  From the union of Magadhas of a certain class with women of the caste called Sairindhri, there springs up another caste called Ayogava.  Their occupation consists in the making of nets (for catching fish and fowl and animals of the chase).  Vaidehas, by uniting themselves with women of the Sairindhri caste, beget children called Maireyakas whose occupation consists in the manufacture of wines and spirits.  From the Nishadas spring a caste called Madgura and another known by the name of Dasas whose occupation consists in plying boats.  From the Chandala springs a race called Swapaka whose occupation consists in keeping guard over the dead.  The women of the Magadhi caste, by union with these four castes of wicked dispositions produce four others who live by practising deceit.  These are Mansa, Swadukara, Kshaudra, and Saugandha.  From the Vaideha springs up a cruel and sinful caste that lives by practising deception.  From the Nishadas again springs up the Madranabha caste whose members are seen to ride on cars drawn by asses.  From the Chandalas springs up the caste called Pukkasa whose members are seen to eat the flesh of asses, horses and elephants.  These cover themselves with the garments obtained by stripping human corpses.  They are again seen to eat from broken earthenware[300].  These three castes of very low status are born of