other end of the wood while holding it in a vertical position, and give the oil a chance to penetrate into the wood.  Then replace the live center by taking the stock and center and forcing it into the spindle by a sudden push of the hand.  The tail stock is then moved about 1/2” to 1” from the end of the piece to be turned, having the tail spindle well back in the tail stock.  The tail stock is then clamped to the lathe bed.  Turn the tail stock hand wheel until the wood is held firmly.  Work the cone pulley by hand at the same time, so that the cup or dead center will be forced deeply into the wood, so deeply that the live center will not continue to turn.  Now turn the dead spindle back until the live spindle begins to turn freely and clamp the dead spindle fast.

[Illustration:  Fig. 3]

ADJUSTING THE TOOL REST

Horizontally the tool rest should be set about 1/8” from the farthest projecting corner of the wood and should be readjusted occasionally as the stock diminishes in size.  The vertical height varies slightly according to the height of the operator.  It is even with the center of the spindle for a short person; 1/8” above for a medium person; and 1/4” above for a tall person.  So long as the stock is in its square form the tool rest should never be adjusted while the machine is in motion as there is danger of the rest catching the corners and throwing the stock from the machine.  Also see that everything is clamped tight before starting the lathe.

POSITION OF THE OPERATOR

The operator stands firmly on the floor back far enough from the lathe to allow him to pass the tools from right to left in front of his body without changing the position of the feet.  It may be found convenient to turn slightly, bringing the left side of the body a little closer to the lathe.  In no case, however, should the tools be brought in contact with the body as the cutting operation from right to left should be accomplished by a movement of the arms alone and not the swaying of the body. (Fig. 3.)

HOLDING THE TOOLS

All tools should be held firmly but not rigidly.  The right hand should grasp the handle at the extreme end for two reasons:  first, to give as much leverage as possible so that the tool will not be thrown from the hands in case it should catch in the wood; second, a slight wavering of the hand will not cause as much variance in the cuts as when held closer up to the rest.  The left hand should act as a guide and should be held over the tool near the cutting edge.  The little finger and the back part of the palm of the hand should touch the tool rest thus assuring a steady movement.  The left hand should not grasp the tool at any time.  (Fig. 3.)

USE OF THE TOOLS IN SPINDLE TURNING