alone a new feature in her national economy.  On the other hand, the galling restrictions of Russia’s meager and strategically confined coasts, which tie her hand in any wide maritime policy, work a greater hardship to-day than they did a hundred years ago, since her growing population creates a more insistent demand for international trade.  In contrast to Russia, Norway, with its paucity of arable soil and of other natural resources, finds its long indented coastline and the coast-bred seamanship of its people a progressively important national asset.  Hence as ocean-carriers the Norwegians have developed a merchant marine nearly half as large again as that of Russia and Finland combined—­1,569,646 tons[125] as against 1,084,165 tons.

This growing dependence of a civilized people upon its land is characterized by intelligence and self-help.  Man forms a partnership with nature, contributing brains and labor, while she provides the capital or raw material in ever more abundant and varied forms.  As a result of this cooeperation, held by the terms of the contract, he secures a better living than the savage who, like a mendicant, accepts what nature is pleased to dole out, and lives under the tyranny of her caprices.

NOTES TO CHAPTER III

[79] H.J.  Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, p. 196.  London, 1904.

[80] Gardner, Atlas of English History, Map 29.  New York, 1905.

[81] Hereford George, Historical Geography of Great Britain, pp. 58-60.  London, 1904.

[82] Lewis Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 62.  New York, 1878.

[83] Franklin H. Giddings, Elements of Sociology, p. 247.  New York, 1902.

[84] Schoolcraft, The Indian Tribes of the United States, Vol.  I, pp. 198-200, 224.  Philadelphia, 1853.

[85] Ibid., Vol.  I, pp. 231-232, 241.

[86] Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, Vol.  I, pp. 70-73, 88.  New York, 1895.

[87] McGee and Thomas, Prehistoric North America, pp. 392-393, 408, Vol.  XIX, of History of North America, edited by Francis W. Thorpe, Philadelphia, 1905. Eleventh Census Report on the Indians, p. 51.  Washington, 1894.

[88] Hans Helmolt, History of the World, Vol.  II, pp. 249-250.  New York, 1902-1906.

[89] Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 13-15.  London, 1904.

[90] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  I, p. 126.  London, 1896-1898.

[91] Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Ackerbaues, p. 24.  Stuttgart, 1888.

[92] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  I, p. 131.  London, 1896-1898.

[93] Paul Ehrenreich, Die Einteilung und Verbreitung der Voelkerstaemme Brasiliens, Peterman’s Geographische Mittheilungen, Vol.  XXXVII, p. 85.  Gotha, 1891.

[94] Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Ackerbaues, p. 26, Note 5.  Stuttgart, 1888.