[619] Ibid., pp. 161, 181, 182, 188, 191, 193, 198, 410, 441-445.  M.C.  Stevenson, The Zuni Indians, pp. 351-354.  Twenty-third Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1904.

[620] Ibid., pp. 13-14.  H.H.  Bancroft, The Native Races, Vol.  I, pp. 539-547.  San Francisco, 1886.

[621] Norway, Official Publication, pp. 99-100.  Christiania, 1900.

[622] Ernst Curtius, History of Greece, Vol.  I, pp. 49-50.  New York.

[623] Ibid., Vol.  I, p. 440.

[624] Dietrich Schaefer, Die Hansestaedte und Koenig Waldemar von Daenemark, pp. 255-257.  Jena, 1879.  Helen Zimmern, Story of the Hansa Towns, pp. 26-27.  New York, 1895.

[625] W.B.  Weeden, Social and Economic History of New England, Vol.  I, pp. 17, 18, 90, 91, 128-135, 139.  Boston, 1899.

[626] Ibid., Vol.  I, p. 245.

[627] H.D.  Traill, Social England, Vol.  III, pp. 363-364, 540.  London and New York, 1895.

[628] J. Partsch, Central Europe, p. 311.  London, 1903.

[629] Alexander P. Engelhardt, A Russian Province of the North, pp. 54-71.  From the Russian.  London, 1899.

CHAPTER XI

THE ANTHROPO-GEOGRAPHY OF RIVERS

[Sidenote:  Rivers as intermediaries between land and sea.]

To a large view, rivers appear in two aspects.  They are either part of the general water envelope of the earth, extensions of seas and estuaries back into the up-hill reaches of the land, feeders of the ocean, roots which it spreads out over the surface of the continents, not only to gather its nourishment from ultimate sources in spring and glacier, but also to bring down to the coast the land-born products of the interior to feed a sea-born commerce; or rivers are one of the land forms, merely water filling valley channels, serving to drain the fields and turn the mills of men.  In the first aspect their historical importance has been both akin and linked to that of the ocean, despite the freshness and smaller volume of their waters and the unvarying direction of their currents.  The ocean draws them and their trade to its vast basin by the force of gravity.  It unites with its own the history of every log-stream in Laurentian or Himalayan forest, as it formerly linked the beaver-dammed brooks of wintry Canada with the current of trade following the Gulf Stream to Europe.

Where sea and river meet, Nature draws no sharp dividing line.  Here the indeterminate boundary zone is conspicuous.  The fresh water stream merges into brackish estuary, estuary into saltier inlet and inlet into briny ocean.  Closely confined sea basins like the Black and Baltic, located in cool regions of slight evaporation and fed from a large catchment basin, approach in their reduced salinity the fresh water lakes and coastal lagoons in which rivers stretch out to rest on their way to the ocean.  The muddy current of the Yangtze Kiang colors the Yellow Sea, and warns incoming Chinese junks of the proximity of land many hours before the low-lying shores can be discerned.[630] Columbus, sailing along the Caribbean coast of South America off the Orinoco mouth, found the ocean waters brackish and surmised the presence of a large river and therefore a large continent on his left.[631]