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[392] Wm. Robertson, History of Scotland, pp. 19-20.  New York, 1831.  The Scotch Borderers, Littell’s Living Age, Vol 40, p. 180.

[393] Isabella Bird Bishop, The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, Vol.  II, pp. 209-210.  London, 1900.

[394] M. Huc, Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844-1846, Vol.  I, pp. 41, 42, 97.  Reprint, Chicago, 1898.

[395] D.M.  Wallace, Russia, pp. 352-356.  New York, 1904.  Article on Cossacks in Encyclopedia Britannica.

[396] Pallas, Travels in Southern Russia, Vol.  I, pp. 126-129; 442; Vol.  II, pp. 330-331.  London, 1812.

[397] G. Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, p. 9.  New York, 1897.

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[402] M. Hue, Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844-1846, Vol.  I, p. 23.  Reprint, Chicago, 1898.

[403] Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, Vol.  I, pp. 130-132.  New York, 1895.

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[408] Friedrich Ratel, History of Mankind, Vol.  III, p. 175, London, 1896.

[409] A.B.  Hart, Foundations of American Foreign Policy, pp. 81-82.  New York, 1901.

[410] Alfred Rambaud, History of Russia, Vol.  II, pp. 45, 50.  Boston, 1886.

[411] Justin Winsor, The Westward Movement, p. 366.  Boston, 1899.

CHAPTER VIII

COAST PEOPLES

[Sidenote:  The coast a zone of transition.]

Of all geographical boundaries, the most important is that between land and sea.  The coast, in its physical nature, is a zone of transition between these two dominant forms of the earth’s surface; it bears the mark of their contending forces, varying in its width with every stronger onslaught of the unresting sea, and with every degree of passive resistance made by granite or sandy shore.  So too in an anthropo-geographical sense, it is a zone of transition.  Now the life-supporting forces of the land are weak