exhibition of the telegraph—­Morse applies for a patent—­Visits Europe to introduce his invention—­His failure—­Seeks aid from Congress—­A disheartening effort—­A long struggle—­Independence of Morse—­Despondent at last—­A sudden lifting of the cloud—­The experimental line—­The trial—­A curious Cabinet Minister—­Success of the telegraph—­Establishment of companies in the United States—­Professor Morse wins fame and fortune—­The telegraph in Europe—­Honors at home and abroad—­A list of his rewards—­Morse originates submarine telegraphy, and predicts the laying of an Atlantic telegraph—­Personal characteristics.

IV.  PUBLISHERS.

CHAPTER XXI.

James Harper.

The Brothers Harper—­Birth and parentage of James Harper—­The Long Island home—­James Harper goes to New York—­Becomes a “devil”—­Winning his way—­How he gave his card to a stranger—­Arrival of “Brother John”—–­Good habits—­Sets up for himself—­“J. & J. Harper, Printers”—­How they started in business—­Integrity rewarded—­First job—­Their first effort at stereotyping—­The Harpers become publishers on their own account—­Their early ventures—­Feeling their way to success—­Their publications—­Character of their books—­How they drove the “yellow covers” out of the market—­Their prosperity—­Admission of new partners—­The great fire—­Destruction of the establishment of Harper & Brothers—­Energy of the firm—­Re-establishment of their business—­Their new premises—­Description of the buildings—­Personal characteristics of Mr. James Harper—­Religious life—­Liberality of sentiment—­His industry—­Elected Mayor of New York—­Kindness to his operatives—­Physical Vigor—­“The Lord knows best”—­Accident to Mr. Harper and his daughter—­His death.

CHAPTER XXII.

James T. Fields.

The old “Corner Book-store” in Boston and its associations—­Carter & Bendee employ a new clerk—­Birth and early life of James T. Fields—­His literary talent—­Governor Woodbury’s advice—­Enters mercantile life—­Determined to rise—­His studies—­The result—­Associated with Edward Everett at the age of eighteen—­His business talent—­Steady promotion—­Becomes head clerk with Allen & Ticknor—­Establishment of the firm of Ticknor & Fields—­Success as a publisher—­High character of his house—­Relations toward authors—­Publications of Ticknor & Fields—­Removal—­Organization of the firm of Fields, Osgood & Co.—­The new book-store—­An elegant establishment—­Mr. Field’s literary success—­Statement of a friend—­“Common Sense”—­His contributions to the periodicals of the firm—­Travels in Europe—­Personal appearance.

V. EDITORS.

CHAPTER XXIII.

James Gordon Bennett.