civilization, among tribes who sometimes had never seen white men before.  Chirino’s Relacion is here presented for the first time in an English dress; and the Editors are fortunate in securing for this publication some valuable annotations from the hand of Rev. Pablo Pastells, S.J. of Barcelona, Spain, who was for some eighteen years superior of the Jesuit missions in the Philippines.  Chirino’s work is begun in the present volume, and will be concluded in Vol.  XIII.

The presence of Van Noordt’s fleet in the Oriental archipelago renders the Spaniards apprehensive that their possessions therein may be attacked, especially that of the rich Spice Islands.  Accordingly the viceroy of India determines to send a fleet to drive out the Dutch from those seas; and (May 5, 1601) notifies Tello of this.  On September 1, 1602, a council of war is held at Manila, which decides to furnish aid for this expedition against the Dutch; its commander has already captured and subjugated Amboyna.  This is followed by a list of the supplies furnished to the Portuguese fleet; their value amounts to over twenty-two thousand pesos, including eight months’ pay for two hundred soldiers and a number of seamen.  An official statement (dated October 2) enumerates the proceedings of the Manila authorities in raising these troops and supplies, and notifies the Portuguese envoys to be ready to convey this aid to the fleet.  On October 26, Governor Acuna writes to the king a report on the piracies committed by the Moros.  They have made several successful raids, and it is necessary to provide defenses for the islands against these attacks.  An expedition had been planned against the Moro pirates; but the governor and his military advisers have deferred it, for the sake of aiding the Maluca expedition.  Acuna is going to Arevalo, to despatch the ships and men for that purpose.  He is doing all in his power to aid the enterprise, but fears that it will be a failure.  Acuna asks permission to aid sick and needy soldiers from the royal treasury.

Alonso Fernandez de Castro, a lawyer, furnishes (1602?) a paper containing “principal points in regard to the trade of the Filipinas.”  He notes the decrees forbidding Mexicans and Peruvians to trade with the islands, and their violation; the result of this illegal trade is disastrous to Spanish commerce.  Complaint is made that the appointments of officers for the ships are made in Mexico, thus causing great and unnecessary expense.  The ships lost in the Philippine trade, and the causes of such loss are enumerated; and the kinds of merchandise therein are mentioned.  The citizens of the Philippines are discontented at the partial diversion of their trade to the American colonies.  A violation of the royal decrees is interpreted by the Mexicans to be not a mortal sin, accordingly they disregard them; Castro advises more leniency in both the prohibition and the penalty.  Some ecclesiastics recommend that the Holy See be