Let the class repeat the words and elements, at first in concert; then separately.

Select words ending with subvocal sounds for practice on subvocals; words beginning or ending with aspirate sounds, for practice on aspirates.

COGNATE SOUNDS.

Subvocals               Aspirates
Sound  Example          Sound   Example
b      babe             p       rap
d      rod              t       at
g      fog              k       book
j      judge            ch      chat
v      live             f       file
th     them             th      myth
z      buzz             s       sink
zh     azure            sh      shine
w      win              wh      when

Remark.—­These eighteen sounds make nine pairs of cognate sounds.  In articulating the aspirates, the vocal organs are put in the position as required for the articulation of the corresponding subvocals; but the breath is expelled with some force, without the utterance of any vocal sound.  Let the pupil verify this by experiment, and then practice on these cognates.

The following sounds are not cognates.

Sub vocals. 
Sound Example

l mill m him n tin ng sing, think r (rough) rule r (smooth) car

Aspirate.

h, as in hat.

Substitutes.

Substitutes are characters used to represent sounds ordinarily represented by other characters.  The following table indicates nearly every form of substitution used in the language:  a few exceptional cases only are omitted

TABLE OF SUBSTITUTES.

Sub    For      as in          Sub     For      as in
a       e       any             o       oo      to
a       o       what            o       oo      would
c       z       suffice         o       u       son
c       s       cite            ph      v       Stephen
c       k       cap             ph      f       sylph
ch      k       ache            q       k       liquor
ch      sh      machine         qu      kw      quote
d       j       soldier         s       sh      sure
e       i       England         s       zh      rasure
e       a       there           s       z       rose
e       a       feint           u       e       bury
ee      i       been            u       i       busy
f       v       of              u       oo      rude
g       j       cage            u       oo      pull
gh      f       laugh           x       ks      wax
gh      k       lough           x       ksh     noxious
i       e       police          x       z       Xerxes
i       e       thirst          x       gz      examine
i       y       filial          y       e       myrrh
n       ng      rink            y       i       my
o       u       work            y       i       hymn
o       i       women           z       s       quartz
o       a       form

VOCALS.