The Boards will still be needed, just as arbitration
tribunals will be required to settle specific disputes
between nations. The aim in both cases is to
substitute arbitration for war (or its equivalent)
or threats of war. Something more is aimed at
in the establishment of Industrial Councils.
They contemplate a “continuous and constructive
co-operation of Capital and Management on the one hand
and Labour on the other.” They are not
tribunals for the settlement of disputes which have
arisen, but joint committees which can discuss and
propose methods of dealing with any question affecting
working-conditions generally, e.g., the introduction
of new machinery and its effect on employment and the
status as well as the wages of the workpeople, and
even its economic effect generally. Suggestions
can be made as to changes which may “increase
output or economise effort” and eliminate waste.
The effect of any alterations on the health of those
engaged in any industry would be within their purview.
The idea is to promote co-operation, to make all recognise
certain common interests, not merely to adjust competing
claims. In international affairs the nearest analogy
would be a League of Nations for promoting the common
interest of all. While, of course, the main object
of such a league is common action to prevent breaches
of the international peace by restraining wrong-doers,
it should not be the sole object. In the case
of Industrial Councils the object is to promote the
general welfare of all engaged in the trade and to
increase productive efficiency, as well as to secure
fair terms between the parties and prevent disputes.
If such a Council has been established for any industry
Government Departments will consult it, and not the
Trade Board, on any questions affecting that industry;
but the constitution of the Council should make provision
by which Trade Boards can be consulted. Roughly
speaking, “the functions of the Trade Board will
be called into operation mainly in the case of the
less organised trades, and the highly organised trades
will be the sphere of the Industrial Councils.”
These, in their most developed form, will be national,
district, and local.
A memorandum which has official sanction states that the chief duty of the Trade Boards, on the other hand, is to fix minimum rates of wages which can be imposed by law. They are needed primarily to insure that in trades where the workers have no official organisation to guard their interest a living wage shall be secured for all. They are statutory bodies set up under an Act of Parliament just passed, and will be connected with the Ministry of Labour, by which their members are largely nominated. The work of such Boards is being extended.