in “Buddhism in China,” have very successfully shown the characteristics of the Chinese types of the system.  Spence Hardy, in his “Manual of Buddhism,” has rendered a similar service in relation to the Buddhism of Ceylon, while Bigandet has set forth that of Burmah, and Alabaster that of Siam.  Sir Monier Williams, in his more recent work, “Buddhism,” has done much to counteract the fashionable tendency of most Orientalists to idealize the Buddhist system.

Other works relating to Buddhism are, “Mohammed, Buddha, and Christ,” by Dodds; “Buddhism (Modern),” by Subhadra; and “Esoteric Buddhism,” by Sinnett.  Maurice, Bishop Carpenter, Brace, the Bishop of Colombo, Martin, and many others have ably discussed the subject.

Of all works on Mohammedanism, Sale’s translation of the Koran, with a “Preliminary Discourse,” is the most comprehensive and important.  Sprenger’s “Life of Mohammed, from Original Sources,” is perhaps next in rank.  “Islam and Mahomet,” by Samuel Johnson; “Mohammed and Mohammedanism,” by E. Bosworth Smith; “Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race,” by E.W.  Blyden; and “Leaves from an Egyptian Note-book,” by Canon Isaac Taylor, are among the principal apologies for Islam.  Gibbon’s fifth volume of the “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” has at least done ample justice to the glory of the Mohammedan conquest.

Of those who have ably controverted the claims of Islam, the late Dr. Pfander, of Northern India, will perhaps hold the first rank.  Of the three Moulvies who were selected to meet him in public discussion, two are said to have been converted to Christianity by his arguments.  The concessions of the Koran to the truths of the Old and New Testaments have been ably pointed out by Sir William Muir in “The Koran,” and Dr. E.M.  Wherry, in his “Commentary,” has established the striking fact, that of all the prophets named in the Koran, including Mohammed, Jesus alone is represented as sinless.  The modern apologists of Mohammed and his system have been well answered by Knox in current numbers of the Church Missionary Intelligencer.  Other works upon the subject are “Islam,” by Stobart; “Islam as a Missionary Religion,” by Haines; “Essays on Eastern Questions,” by Palgrave.  Sir William Muir’s “History of the Caliphate” is an important and recent work.

Confucianism and Taouism may be fairly understood, even by those who have not the time for a careful study of Legge’s translations of the Chinese classics, by reference to the following works:  “China and the Chinese,” by Medhurst; “The Religions of China,” by Legge; “The Chinese,” by Martin; “Confucianism and Taouism,” by Douglass; “Religion in China,” by Edkins.  The late Samuel Johnson, in his “Oriental Religions,” has devoted a large volume to the religions of China, principally to the ethics and political economy of the Confucian system; and James Freeman Clark has given considerable attention to Confucianism as one of “The Ten Great Religions.”