IX

PERDITA’S GARDEN

The flower-imagery of “The Winter’s Tale” compared with other flower-scenes in Shakespeare,—­in “A Midsommer Nights Dreame” and “Hamlet.”  The classic and folk-lore allusions.  The pastoral element in “As you Like It” and “Winter’s Tale.”

QUERIES FOR DISCUSSION

The rustic scenes have little bearing on the play; are they necessary to Shakespeare’s art in order to throw a clear light on the character of his protagonists?

X

THE ETHICS OF “THE WINTER’S TALE”

“The Winter’s Tale” gives examples of meritorious actions losing their virtue with the progress of ideas; for example, the civic virtue, allegiance to the king, is what Leontes depends upon in his talk with Camillo, with Antigonus, and the other lords.  Note Camillo’s reason for not poisoning Polixenes to order,—­that it is risky to kill a king even at command of a king.  That such a reason would be considered small moral support to-day appears, for example, in the indignation or amusement expressed in the newspapers on the German Emperor’s address to his army on the soldier’s duty of obedience.  In Shakespeare’s day a king had taken matters in his own hands in the trial of his wife, much as Leontes did (see “Henry VIII".).  The moral significance of Hermione’s patience under accusation appears in the long reparation she requires.  Paulina is made to speak for her during her seclusion.

What are the “secret purposes” which Shakespeare makes her subserve?  Observe that, if the fulfilment of the oracle and the restoration of the child were all Paulina anticipates, there would be no use in her remonstrances against a second marriage and in her goading the king to remorse.

QUERIES FOR DISCUSSION

Does Shakespeare’s ideal of love and constancy, as revealed in ’The Winter’s Tale,’ imply that second marriages are offences against the first.  Has the objection Paulina makes to his re-marriage such a cause or is it a necessity of the plot?

Does the way of telling “The Winter’s Tale” indicate the passing away of aristocratic and the formation of democratic ideals, and the dawning change in the status both of woman and the commoner?