[Footnote 8:  Summary of a register containing the acts of the Order of the Golden Fleece quoted in Histoire de l’Ordre, pp. 12, 13.]

[Footnote 9:  St. Remy, Chronique, ii., 284.  St. Remy is usually called Toison d’Or.]

[Footnote 10:  His full name was Charles Martin.  One tower alone remains of the palace where he was born.]

[Footnote 11:  Hist, de l’Ordre, p. 13.]

[Footnote 12:  Selden (Titles of Honor, p. 457), however, says he knows not by what authority this statement is made and that he knows nothing of it.  Seven is the earliest age mentioned by Gautier for receiving knighthood.]

[Footnote 13:  Deschamps, OEuvres Completes, ii., 214.]

[Footnote 14:  The ancient quarrel between the old Holland parties of Hooks and Cods continually blazed out anew.  On one notable occasion, to show her impartiality, the duchess appeared in public accompanied by the stadtholder, Lelaing, a partisan of the Hooks, and by Frank van Borselen, himself a Cod, the widower of Jacqueline, the late Countess of Holland.]

[Footnote 15:  Barante, Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne, vi., 2, note by Reiffenberg.]

[Footnote 16:  See Catalogue des manuscrits des Ducs de Bourgogne, “Resume historique,” i., lxxix.]

[Footnote 17:  Barante, vi., 2, note.]

[Footnote 18:  Loomis, Medieval Hellenism.]

[Footnote 19:  Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, ii., 231.]

[Footnote 20:  It was in June, 1434, that this alliance had been made.  Sigismund claimed that Philip had no right in Brabant, Holland, Zealand, and Hainaut, which in his opinion were lapsed fiefs, of the empire.]

[Footnote 21:  Putnam, A Medieval Princess.

[Footnote 22:  Monstrelet, La Chronique, v., 344.]

[Footnote 23:  La Marche, Memoires, ii., 50.]

[Footnote 24:  Reiffenberg, Essai sur les enfants naturels de Philippe de Bourgogne.]

[Footnote 25:  Meyer, Commentarii sive Annales rerum Flandricarum, p. 296.]

CHAPTER II

YOUTH

1440-1453

The heir of Burgundy was still in very tender years when he began to take official part in public affairs, sometimes associated with one parent, sometimes with the other.

There was a practical advantage in bringing the boy to the fore by which the duke was glad to profit.  With his own manifold interests, it was impossible for him to be present in his various capitals as often as was demanded by the usage of the diverse individual seigniories.  It was politic, therefore, to magnify the representative capacity of his son and of his consort in order to obtain the grants and aides which certain of his subjects declared could be given only when requested orally by their sovereign lord.  Thus, in 1444, it was Count Charles and the duchess who appeared in Holland to ask an aide.[1] In the following year, Charles accompanied his father when Philip made one of his rare visits—­there were only three between 1428 and 1466—­to Holland and Zealand.