5.  Forms of government 168
     Criticism on the common division 169
     Rousseau’s preference for elective aristocracy 172

  6.  Attitude of the state to religion 173
     Rousseau’s view, the climax of a reaction 176
     Its effect at the French Revolution 179
     Its futility 180

Another method of approaching the philosophy of government—­

  Origin of society not a compact 183

  The true reason of the submission of a minority to a majority 184

  Rousseau fails to touch actual problems 186

  The doctrine of resistance, for instance 188

  Historical illustrations 190

  Historical effect of the Social Contract in France and Germany 193

  Socialist deductions from it 194

CHAPTER IV.

EMILIUS.

Rousseau touched by the enthusiasm of his time 197

Contemporary excitement as to education, part of the revival of
  naturalism 199

I.—­Locke, on education 202
    Difference between him and Rousseau 204
    Exhortations to mothers 205
    Importance of infantile habits 208
    Rousseau’s protest against reasoning with children 209
    Criticised 209
    The opposite theory 210
    The idea of property 212
    Artificially contrived incidents 214
    Rousseau’s omission of the principle of authority 215
    Connected with his neglect of the faculty of sympathy 219

II.—­Rousseau’s ideal of living 221
    The training that follows from it 222
    The duty of knowing a craft 223
    Social conception involved in this moral conception 226

III.—­Three aims before the instructor 229
      Rousseau’s omission of training for the social conscience 230
      No contemplation of society as a whole 232
      Personal interest, the foundation of the morality of Emilius 233
      The sphere and definition of the social conscience 235

IV.—­The study of history 237
     Rousseau’s notions upon the subject 239

V.—­Ideals of life for women 241
    Rousseau’s repudiation of his own principles 242
    His oriental and obscurantist position 243
    Arising from his want of faith in improvement 244
    His reactionary tendencies in this region eventually
      neutralised 248

VI.—­Sum of the merits of Emilius 249
     Its influence in France and Germany 251
     In England 252

CHAPTER V.

THE SAVOYARD VICAR.

Shallow hopes entertained by the dogmatic atheists 256

The good side of the religious reaction 258

Its preservation of some parts of Christian influence 259

Earlier forms of deism 260

The deism of the Savoyard Vicar 264

The elevation of man, as well as the restoration of a divinity 265