[Sidenote:  Proof that they have the force of relatives.]

Compare with these the two following sentences:—­

     3.  There is nothing but is related to us, nothing that does
     not interest us.—­EMERSON.

     4.  There were articles of comfort and luxury such as Hester
     never ceased to use, but which only wealth could have
     purchased.—­HAWTHORNE.

Sentence 3 shows that but is equivalent to the relative that with not, and that as after such is equivalent to which.

For as after same see “Syntax” (Sec. 417).

[Sidenote:  Former use of as.]

125.  In early modern English, as was used just as we use that or which, not following the word such; thus,—­

     I have not from your eyes that gentleness
     And show of love as I was wont to have.—­SHAKESPEARE

This still survives in vulgar English in England; for example,—­

     “Don’t you mind Lucy Passmore, as charmed your warts for you
     when you was a boy? “—­KINGSLEY

This is frequently illustrated in Dickens’s works.

[Sidenote:  Other substitutes.]

126.  Instead of the phrases in which, upon which, by which, etc., the conjunctions wherein, whereupon, whereby, etc., are used.

     A man is the facade of a temple wherein all wisdom and good
     abide.—­EMERSON.

     The sovereignty of this nature whereof we speak.—­Id.

     The dear home faces whereupon
     That fitful firelight paled and shone.—­WHITTIER.

PRONOUNS IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS.

[Sidenote:  Special caution needed here.]

127.  It is sometimes hard for the student to tell a relative from an interrogative pronoun.  In the regular direct question the interrogative is easily recognized; so is the relative when an antecedent is close by.  But compare the following in pairs:—­

1. (a) Like a gentleman of leisure who is strolling out for
     pleasure.

     (b) Well we knew who stood behind, though the earthwork hid
     them.

2. (a) But what you gain in time is perhaps lost in power.

     (b) But what had become of them they knew not.

3. (a) These are the lines which heaven-commanded Toil shows on
     his deed.

     (b) And since that time I thought it not amiss To judge which
     were the best of all these three.

In sentences 1 (a), 2 (a) and 3 (a) the regular relative use is seen; who having the antecedent gentleman, what having the double use of pronoun and antecedent, which having the antecedent lines.