soul, and instead of gloomy introspection, had looked into the enticing outer world.  Western humanity was so morbid at that time, that the consciousness of having done this was enough to cause painful inner conflict to a man like Petrarch—­a man of refined feeling, and scientific, though not a deep thinker.’  Even granting this, which is too tragically put, the world was on the very eve of freeing itself from this position, and Petrarch serves as a witness to the change.]

[Footnote 9:  Comp., too, De Genealogia Deorum, xv., in which he says of trees, meadows, brooks, flocks and herds, cottages, etc., that these things ‘animum mulcent,’ their effect is ’mentem in se colligere.’]

[Footnote 10:  Comp.  Voigt, Enea Silvio de’ Piccolomini als Papst Pius II. und sein Zeitalter.]

[Footnote 11:  Comp.  Geiger and Ad.  Wolff, Die Klassiker aller Zeiten und Nationen.]

[Footnote 12:  Quando mira la terra ornata e bella.  Rime di V. Colonna.]

[Footnote 13:  Ombrosa selva che il mio duolo ascolti.]

CHAPTER V

[Footnote 1:  Ruge, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen. Berlin, 1881. (Allgem.  Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, von Oncken.) Die neu Welt der Landschaften, etc.  Strasburg, 1534.]

[Footnote 2:  De rebus oceanicis et novo orbi Decades tres Petri Martyris at Angleria Mediolanensis, Coloniae, 1574.]

[Footnote 3:  Il viaggio di Giovan Leone e Le Navagazioni, di Aloise da Mosto. di Pietro, di Cintra. di Anxone, di un Piloto Portuguese e di Vasco di Gama quali si leggono nella raccolta di Giovambattista Ramusio. Venezia, 1837.]

[Footnote 4:  For example, this from Ramusio:  ’And the coast is all low land, full of most beautiful and very tall trees, which are evergreen, as the leaves do not wither as do those in our country, but a new leaf appears before the other is cast off:  the trees extend right down into the marshy tract of shore, and look as if flourishing on the sea.  The coast is a most glorious sight, and in my opinion, though I have cruised about in many parts both in the East and in the West, I have never seen any coast which surpassed this in beauty.  It is everywhere washed by many rivers, and small streams of little importance, as big ships will not be able to enter them.]

[Footnote 5:  Ideler, Examen critique.  Cosmos.]

[Footnote 6:  Coleccion de los viajes y decubrimientos que hicieron por mar los espanoles desde fines del siglo XV. con varios documentos ineditos ... co-ordinata e illustrada por Don Martin Fernandez de Navarrete. Madrid, 1858.]

[Footnote 7:  Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen.]

[Footnote 8:  As he lay sick and despairing off Belem, an unknown voice said to him compassionately:  ’O fool! and slow to believe and serve thy God....  He gave thee the keys of those barriers of the ocean sea which were closed with such mighty chains, and thou wast obeyed through many lands, and hast gained an honourable fame throughout Christendom.’  In a letter to the King and Queen of Spain in fourth voyage.]