It remains to recapitulate the sum of our conclusions regarding Happiness.  It is not a habit, but lies in the habitual activities—­desirable in and for themselves not as means—­exercised deliberately, excluding mere amusement.  Man’s highest faculty being intelligence, its activity is his highest happiness—­contemplation—­constant, sufficient, and sought not as a means, but as an end.

This kind of happiness belongs to the gods also.  Exclusively human, but below the other, is the fulfilment of the moral life, conditioned by human society, and more affected by environments and material wants.  For contemplative activity, the barest material needs suffice.  But this does not of itself induce the moral life, being apart from conduct.  To induce morality, not only knowledge, but the right habit of action—­which does not follow from knowledge and may be implanted without it—­is absolutely necessary.  Compulsion may successfully establish the habit where argument might fail.  Compulsion, therefore, is the proper course for the State to take.

* * * * *

MARCUS AURELIUS

HIS DISCOURSES WITH HIMSELF

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, was born on April 20, 121 A.D.  Having been adopted by Antoninus Pius, whose daughter Faustina he married, he succeeded him as emperor in 161, but freely shared the imperial throne with Lucius Verus, who also had been adopted by Pius.  Marcus Aurelius reigned until his death, on March 17, 180, in almost uninterrupted conflict with rebellious provinces, and often heavily burdened with the internal troubles of Rome.  But the serenity of this august mind, and his constancy to wisdom, virtue and religion, were never shaken.  For magnanimity, fidelity, resignation, fortitude and mercy, he stands unrivalled by any other figure of the pagan world.  Nor did that world produce any other book which, like his, remains as an unfailing companion to every generation of the modern age.  The charm of these fragmentary meditations depends greatly on their convincing candour; there is not a trace of the cant and exaggeration that so taint the moralisings of lesser men.  It depends also on their iron stoicism; there are here no doubtful comforts, no rosy illusions.  But it depends chiefly on the admirable and lovable human character which is revealed in them.  They were written in Greek, and were probably jotted down at odd moments under the most various circumstances.  Tradition says that they were intended for the guidance of his son.

BOOK I