would diminish the severity of their sentence, and look upon them with a more favourable and propitious eye, on account of their having made themselves the slaves of his ministers.  When an eclipse of the sun or moon happened to be visible, the cities were deserted, and their miserable inhabitants fled for refuge to hollow caverns, and hid themselves among the craggy rocks, and under the bending summits of steep mountains.  The opulent attempted to bribe the Deity and the saintly tribe, by rich donations conferred upon the sacerdotal and monastic orders, who were looked upon as the immediate vicegerents of heaven” (p. 226).  Thus the Church still reaped wealth out of the fear of the people she deluded, and while fields lay unsown, and houses stood unrepaired, and the foundations of famine were laid, Mother Church gathered lands and money into her capacious lap, and troubled little about the starving children, provided she herself could wax fat on the good things of the world which she professed to have renounced.

CENTURY XI.

The Prussians, during this century, were driven into the fold of the Church.  A Christian missionary, Adalbert, bishop of Prague, had been murdered by the “fierce and savage Prussians,” and in order to show the civilising results of the gentle Christian creed, Boleslaus, king of Poland, entered “into a bloody war with the Prussians, and he obtained, by the force of penal laws and of a victorious, army, what Adalbert could not effect by exhortation and argument.  He dragooned this savage people into the Christian Church” (p. 230).  Some of his followers tried a gentler method of conversion, and were murdered by the Prussians, who clearly saw no reason why Christians should do all the killing.  We have already seen that Sylvester II. called upon the Christian princes to commence a “holy war” against “the infidels” who held the holy places of Christianity.  Gregory VII. strove to stir them up in like fashion, and had gathered together an army of upwards of 50,000 men, whom he proposed to lead in person into Palestine.  The Pope, however, quarrelled with Henry IV., emperor of Germany, and his project fell through.  At the close of this century, the long-talked of effort was made.  Peter the Hermit, who had travelled through Palestine, came into Europe and related in all directions tales of the sufferings of the Christians under the rule of the “barbarous” Saracens.  He appealed to Urban II., the then Pope, and Urban, who at first discouraged him, seeing that Peter had succeeded in rousing the most warlike nations of Christian Europe into enthusiasm, called a council at Placentia, A.D. 1095, and appealed to the Christian princes to take up the cause of the Cross.  The council was not successful, and Urban summoned another at Clermont, and himself addressed the assembly.  “It is the will of God” was the shout that answered him, and the people flew to arms.  “Every