and art, as of chemistry with agriculture, or biology with medicine.  Yet, on the strictly sociological plane and in civic application they are as yet less generally evident, though such obvious connections as that of vital statistics with hygienic administration, that of commercial statistics with politics, are becoming recognised by all.  In the paper with which this Society’s work lately opened, the intimate connection between a scientific demography and a practical eugenics has been clearly set forth.  But this study of the community in the aggregate finds its natural parallel and complement in the study of the community as an integrate, with material and immaterial structures and functions, which we call the City.  Correspondingly, the improvement of the individuals of the community, which is the aim of eugenics, involves a corresponding civic progress.  Using (for the moment at least) a parallel nomenclature, we see that the sociologist is concerned not only with “demography” but with “politography,” and that “eugenics” is inseparable from “politogenics.”  For the struggle for existence, though observed mainly from the side of its individuals by the demographer, is not only an intra-civic but an inter-civic process; and if so, ameliorative selection, now clearly sought for the individuals in detail as eugenics, is inseparable from a corresponding civic art—­a literal “Eupolitogenics.”

A—­THE GEOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF CITIES

Coming to concrete Civic Survey, where shall we begin?  Not only in variety and magnitude of civic activities, but, thanks especially to the work of Mr. Charles Booth and his collaborators in actual social survey also, London may naturally claim pre-eminence.  Yet even at best, does not this vastest of world cities remain a less or more foggy labyrinth, from which surrounding [Page:  105] regions with their smaller cities can be but dimly descried, even with the best intentions of avoiding the cheap generalisation of “the provinces”?  For our more general and comparative study, then, simpler beginnings are preferable.  More suitable, therefore, to our fundamental thesis—­that no less definite than the study of races and usages or languages, is that of the groupings of men—­is the clearer outlook, the more panoramic view of a definite geographic region, such, for instance, as lies beneath us upon a mountain holiday.  Beneath vast hunting desolations lie the pastoral hillsides, below these again scattered arable crofts and sparsely dotted hamlets lead us to the small upland village of the main glen:  from this again one descends to the large and prosperous village of the foothills and its railway terminus, where lowland and highland meet.  East or west, each mountain valley has its analogous terminal and initial village, upon its fertile fan-shaped slope, and with its corresponding minor market; while, central to the broad agricultural strath with its slow meandering