d.  All the steamships which cross the ocean in the quickest time are
    comfortable; This steamship is slow; Therefore she is not
    comfortable.

    e.  All dogs who bark constantly are not bad-tempered; This dog does
    not bark constantly; Therefore he is not bad-tempered.

    f.  All cold can be expelled by heat; John’s illness is a cold;
    Therefore it can be expelled by heat. (From Minto)

    g.  The use of ardent spirits should be prohibited by law, seeing
    that it causes misery and crime, which it is one of the chief ends
    of law to prevent. (From Bode)

    h.  Rational beings are accountable for their actions; brutes not
    being rational, are therefore exempt from responsibility. (From
    Jevons)

36.  Expand the following arguments into syllogisms and criticize their soundness: 

    a.  The snow will turn to rain, because it is getting warmer.

    b.  The boy has done well in his examination, for he came out looking
    cheerful.

    c.  We had an economical government last year, therefore the tax rate
    will be reduced.

    d.  Lee will be a good mayor, for men who have energy and good
    judgment can do incalculable good to their fellow citizens.

    e.  There is unshaken evidence that every member of the board of
    aldermen received a bribe, and George O. Carter was a member of that
    board.

    f.  The candidate for stroke on the freshman crew came from Santos
    School, therefore he must be a good oarsman.

37.  Criticize the reasoning in the following arguments, pointing out whether they are sound or unsound, and why: 

a.  It costs a Nebraska farmer twenty cents to raise a bushel of corn.  When corn gets down to twenty cents he cannot buy anything, and he cannot pay more than twelve or fifteen dollars a month for help.  When it gets up to thirty-five cents the farmer gives his children the best education possible, and buys an automobile.  Therefore the farmer will be ruined if the tariff on corn is not raised.

b.  For many years the Democratic platforms have declared explicitly or implicitly against the duties on sugar; if the Democrats should come into power and reduce the duties, they would lose their strength in the states producing cane sugar and beet sugar; if they do not reduce the duty, they admit that their platforms have been insincere. (Condensed from an editorial in a newspaper.  March, 1911)

c.  I hardly need say that I am opposed to any such system as that of Galveston, or to call it by its broader name, the commission system.  It is but another name for despotism.  Louis XIV was a commissioner for executing the duties of governing France.  Philip II was the same in Spain.  The Decemvirs and Triumvirs of Rome were but the same sort of thing, as was also the Directory