of the Babylonian plain and the barbarians around him there existed the same gulf that exists to-day between the European and the savage.  The history of the ancient East contains no record of the development of culture out of savagery.  It tells us, indeed, of degeneracy and decay, but it knows of no period when civilisation began.  So far as archaeology can teach us, the builders of the Babylonian cities, the inventors of the cuneiform characters, had behind them no barbarous past.

APPENDICES

I

EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY

Egypt was originally divided into several independent principalities. 
Eventually these became the kingdoms of Northern (or Lower), and
Southern (or Upper) Egypt.  Among the kings of Northern Egypt were (1)
Pu, (2) Ska, (3) Katfu (?), (4) Tau, (5) Thesh, (6) Nenau (?), and (7)
Mekha; among the kings of Southern Egypt was Besh.

The two kingdoms were united by Men or Meni (Menes), king of This, who builds Memphis and founds the First dynasty of the united monarchy.

DYNASTY I. (THINITE).

1.  Meni. 2.  Teta I. 3.  Atotha. 4.  Ata. 5.  Husapti. 6.  Mer-ba-pa, 73 years. 7.  Samsu, 72 years. 8.  Qabhu, 83 years.

DYNASTY II. (THINITE).

1.  Buzau or Bai-neter, 95 years. 2.  Kakau. 3.  Ba-neter-en, 95 years. 4.  Uznas, 70 years. 5.  Send, 74 years. 6.  Per-ab-sen or Ka-Ra (?). 7.  Nefer-ka-Ra, 70 years.

DYNASTY III. (MEMPHITE).

1.  Nefer-ka-Sokar (2) 8 years, 4 months, 2 days. 2.  Hu-zefa, 25 (?) years, 8 months, 4 days. 3.  Babai. 4.  Zazai, 37 years, 2 months, 1 day. 5.  Neb-ka-Ra, 19 years. 6.  Zoser, 19 years, 2 months. 7.  Zoser-teta, 6 years. 8.  Sezes. 9.  Nefer-ka-Ra I., 6 years. 10.  Huni, 24 years.

DYNASTY IV. (MEMPHITES).

1.  Snefru, 24 years. 2.  Sharu. 3.  Khufu (Cheops), 23 years. 4.  Ra-dad-f, 8 years. 6.  Kha-f-Ha (Chephren). 6.  Men-kau-Ra (Mykerinos). 7.  Shepseskaf.

DYNASTY V. (ELEPHANTINES).

1.  User-ka-f, 28 years. 2.  Sahu-Ra, 4 years. 3.  Kaka, 2 years. 4.  Nefer-ar-ka-Ra I., 7 years. 5.  Shepses-ka-Ra, 12 years. 6.  Kha-nefer-Ra. 7.  Ra-n-user An, 25 years. 8.  Men-ka-Hor, 8 years. 9.  Dad-ka-Ra Assa, 28 years. 10.  Unas, 30 years. 11.  Akau-Hor, 7 years.

DYNASTY VI. (ELEPHANTINES).

1.  Teta III. 2.  User-ka-Ra. 3.  Meri-Ra Pepi I., 20 years. 4.  Mer-en-Ra Miht-em-saf I., 14 years. 5.  Nefer-ka-Ra II.  Pepi II., 94 years. 6.  Mer-en-Ra Miht-em-saf II., 1 year, 1 month. 7.  Neit-aker (Nitokris), a queen.

DYNASTIES VII.  AND VIII. (MEMPHITES).

1.  Nefer-ka, 2 years, 1 month, 1 day. 2.  Neferus, 4 years, 2 months, 1 day. 3.  Ab-en-Ra I., 2 years, 1 month, 1 day. 4. ... 1 year, 8 days. 5.  Ab-en-Ra II. 6.  Hanti. 7.  Pest-sat-en-Sopd. 8.  Pait-Kheps. 9.  Serhlinib. ...  Dad-nefer-Ra Dudumes. ...  Neter-ka-Ra.  Men-ka-Ra.  Nefer-ka-Ra III.  Nefer-ka-Ra IV.  Nebi.  Dad-ka-Ea Shema.  Nefer-ka-Ra V. Khondu.  Mer-en-Hor.  Snefer-ka I. Ka-n-Ra.  Nefer-ka-Ra VI.  Terel.  Nefer-ka-Hor.  Nefer-ka-Ra VII.  Pepi-seneb.  Snefer-ka II.  Annu. [User]-kau-Ra.  Nefer-kau-Ra.  Nefer-kau-Hor.  Nefer-ar-ka-Ra II.