It would be difficult, indeed, to find among the whole array of explorers which history can offer in all ages a perseverance more dogged in the face of abounding difficulties.  Phoenix-like, he rose time after time from the ashes of adversity.  Neither fatigue nor famine, disappointment nor even disaster, availed to swerve him from his purpose.  To him, more than to any one else of his time, the French could justly attribute their early hold upon the great regions of the West.  Other explorers and voyageurs of his generation there were in plenty, and their service was not inconsiderable.  But in courage and persistence, as well as in the scope of his achievements, La Salle, the pathfinder of Rouen, towered above them all.  He had, what so many of the others lacked, a clear vision of what the great plains and valleys of the Middle West could yield towards the enrichment of a nation in years to come.  “America,” as Parkman has aptly said, “owes him an enduring memory; for in this masculine figure she sees the pioneer who guided her to the possession of her richest heritage.”

CHAPTER VII

THE CHURCH IN NEW FRANCE

Nearly all that was distinctive in the life of old Canada links itself in one way or another with the Catholic religion.  From first to last in the history of New France the most pervading trait was the loyalty of its people to the church of their fathers.  Intendants might come and go; governors abode their destined hour and went their way; but the apostles of the ancient faith never for one moment released their grip upon the hearts and minds of the Canadians.  During two centuries the political life of the colony ran its varied rounds; the habits of the people were transformed with the coming of material prosperity:  but the Church went on unchanged, unchanging.  One may praise the steadfastness with which the Church fought for what its bishops believed to be right, or one may, on the other hand, decry the arrogance of its pretensions to civil power and its hampering conservatism; but as the great central fact in the history of New France, the hegemony of Catholicism cannot be ignored.

When Frenchmen began the work of founding a dominion in the New World, their own land was convulsed with religious troubles.  Not only were the Huguenots breaking from the trammels of the old religion, but within the Catholic Church, itself in France there were two great contending factions.  One group strove for the preservation of the Galilean liberties, the special rights of the French King and the French bishops in the ecclesiastical government of the land, while the other claimed for the Pope a supremacy over all earthly rulers in matters of spiritual concern.  It was not a difference on points of doctrine, for the Galileans did not question the headship of the Papacy in things of the spirit.  What they insisted upon was the circumscribed nature of the papal power