leave them at liberty.  So Lincoln ordered many of them to be arrested and locked up.  Now the Constitution provides that every citizen shall have a speedy trial.  This is brought about by the issuing a writ of habeas corpus, compelling the jailer to bring his prisoner into court and show cause why he should not be set at liberty.  Lincoln now suspended the operation of the writ of habeas corpus.  This action angered many persons who were quite willing that the Southerners should be compelled to obey the law, but did not like to have their neighbors arrested and locked up without trial.

[Illustration:  THE DRAFT.]

[Sidenote:  The draft.]

[Sidenote:  Riots in the North.]

411.  The Draft Riots.—­At the outset both armies were made up of volunteers; soon there were not enough volunteers.  Both governments then drafted men for their armies; that is, they picked out by lot certain men and compelled them to become soldiers.  The draft was bitterly resisted in some parts of the North, especially in New York City.

CHAPTER 40

THE YEAR 1863

[Sidenote:  Position of the armies.]

412.  Position of the Armies, January, 1863.—­The Army of the Potomac, now under Hooker, and the Army of Northern Virginia were face to face at Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock.  In the West Rosecrans was at Murfreesboro’, and Bragg on the way back to Chattanooga.  In the Mississippi Valley Grant and Sherman had already begun the Vicksburg campaign.  But as yet they had had no success.

[Sidenote:  Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign, 1863. Hero Tales, 239-248.]

413.  Beginnings of the Vicksburg Campaign.—­Vicksburg stood on the top of a high bluff directly on the river.  Batteries erected at the northern end of the town commanded the river, which at that point ran directly toward the bluff.  The best way to attack this formidable place was to proceed overland from Corinth.  This Grant tried to do.  But the Confederates forced him back.

[Sidenote:  Siege of Vicksburg. Source-Book, 320-323.]

[Sidenote:  Surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863.]

414.  Fall of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863.—­Grant now carried his whole army down the Mississippi.  For months he tried plan after plan, and every time he failed.  Finally he marched his army down on the western side of the river, crossed the river below Vicksburg, and approached the fortress from the south and east.  In this movement he was greatly aided by the Union fleet under Porter, which protected the army while crossing the river.  Pemberton, the Confederate commander, at once came out from Vicksburg.  But Grant drove him back and began the siege of the town from the land side.  The Confederates made a gallant defense.  But slowly and surely they were starved into submission.  On July 4, 1863, Pemberton surrendered the fortress and thirty-seven thousand men.