STEAMING.—­Meat is sometimes steamed over boiling water until it is made very tender and afterward browned in the oven.

Another method of steaming, sometimes called smothering, is that of cooking meat in a tightly covered jar in a moderate oven for an hour (the moderate heat serves to draw out the juice of the meat), after which the heat is increased, and the meat cooked in its own juices one half hour for each pound.

ROASTING.—­This method, which consists in placing meat upon a revolving spit and cooking it before an open fire, is much less employed now than formerly, when fireplaces were in general use.  What is ordinarily termed roasting is in reality cooking meat it in own juices in a hot oven.  In cooking meat by this method it is always desirable to retain the juices entirely within the meat, which can be best accomplished by first placing the clean-cut sides of the meat upon a smoking-hot pan over a quick fire; press the meat close to the pan until well scared and slightly browned, then turn over and sear the opposite side in the same manner.  This will form a coating of hardened albumen, through which the interior juices cannot escape.  Put at once into the oven, arrange the fire so that the heat will be firm and steady but not too intense, and cook undisturbed until tender.

Basting is not necessary if the roast is carefully seared and the oven kept at proper temperature.  When the heat of the oven is just right, the meat will keep up a continuous gentle sputtering in the pan.  If no sputtering can be heard, the heat is insufficient.  The heat is too great when the drippings burn and smoke.

BROILING.—­This is the method employed for cooking thin cuts of meat in their own juices over glowing coals.  When properly done, broiled meat contains a larger amount of uncoagulated albumen than can be secured by cooking in any other manner; hence it is the most wholesome.  For broiling, a bed of clear, glowing coals without flame is the first essential.  Coke, charcoal, or anthracite coal serves best for securing this requisite.

In an ordinary stove, the coals should be nearly to the top of the fire-box, that the meat may be held so as almost to touch the fire.  No utensil is better for ordinary purposes than a double wire broiler.  First, rub it well with a bit of suet, then put in the meat with the thickest part in the center.  Wrap a coarse towel around the hand to protect it from the heat, hold the meat as near the fire as possible, so as to sear one side instantly, slowly count ten, then turn and sear the other side.  Continue the process, alternating first one side and then the other, slowly counting ten before each turning, until the meat is sufficiently done.  Successful broiling is largely dependent upon frequent turning.  The heat, while it at once sears the surface, starts the flow of the juices, and although they cannot escape through the hardened surface, if the meat were entirely