[Footnote 1:  By the Secretary of the American Federation of Labor.]

[Footnote 2:  See Vol.  I, pp. 458-467.]

[Footnote 3:  For example, increase less than 25 per cent per hour in changing from a 10 hour to an 8 hour day.]

[Footnote 4:  See above, ch. 6, sec. 12.]

[Footnote 5:  See especially, sec. 8.]

[Footnote 6:  At this writing the case, Bunting vs. the State of Oregon, is still undecided.]

[Footnote 7:  Published as “The case for the shorter working day,” by the National Consumers’ League, see especially pp. 621-892.]

[Footnote 8:  See Vol.  I, pp. 135 and 197.]

[Footnote 9:  Much public regulation of wages occurred in Europe until near the end of the eighteenth century.  In England this was done mainly by the justices of the peace and, in the main was directed toward limiting the demands of the wage-workers.]

[Footnote 10:  See below, sec. 15.]

[Footnote 11:  By the act of 1888, the Erdman act of 1898, superseded by the Newlands act of 1913, and supplemented by measures for mediation by the Department of Labor.]

[Footnote 12:  The few exceptions to this statement are mostly recent; such as the recognition of the unions in New Zealand in 1894 as parties in the plan of compulsory arbitration, and in Great Britain in 1909 as agencies through which unemployment insurance may be administered.]

[Footnote 13:  As appeared in ch. 20.]

CHAPTER 22

OTHER PROTECTIVE LABOR AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION

Sec. 1.  Evils of early factory conditions.  Sec. 2.  Improvement of factory conditions.  Sec. 3.  Limitation of the wage contract.  Sec. 4.  Usury laws.  Sec. 5.  Public inspection of standards and of foods.  Sec. 6.  Charity, and control of vice.  Sec. 7.  City growth and the housing problem.  Sec. 8.  Good housing legislation.  Sec. 9.  General grounds of this social legislation.  Sec. 10.  Training in the trades.  Sec. 11.  Prevalence of unemployment.  Sec. 12.  Evils of unemployment.  Sec. 13.  Definition of unemployment.  Sec. 14.  Individual maladjustments causing unemployment.  Sec. 15.  Maladjustment of wages causing unemployment.  Sec. 16.  Individual maladjustment in finding jobs, Sec. 17.  Public employment offices.  Sec. 18.  Fluctuations of industry causing unemployment.  Sec. 19.  Remedies for seasonal fluctuations.  Sec. 20.  Reducing cyclical unemployment and its effects.

Sec. 1. #Evils of early factory conditions#.  The time is but brief in the life of nations since the main manufacturing processes, now mostly conducted in great factories, were carried on in or near the homes of the workers.  This change has been reflected in the meaning of “manufactures,” which first meant literally goods made by hand but now conveys the thought of goods made by machinery.  The craftsmen worked alone in their own homes or with the help of